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So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
那么想想这3个我所谈到的背景：
factory, migration, office.
工厂，移民，办公室。
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
但这也可能在学校，在政府，
it could be a hospital.
也可能在医院发生。
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
这3种背景下，如果我们只追随到15年前，
if you just think back 15 years,
如果你仅回想15年前，
when you clocked in,
当你打卡上班，
when you clocked in to an office,
打卡到办公室上班，
when you clocked in to a factory,
在工厂打卡上班，
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
在整个工作期间没有任何联系，
there was no contact with your private sphere.
与你的私人领域没有任何联系。
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
你要是很幸运，在走廊处或某处可以用一个公共电话。
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
你要是管理层，哦，那就是另一回事。
Maybe you had a direct line.
你可能会有直线电话。
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
如果你没有直线电话，或许你必须通过一个操作员打电话。
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
但基本上，当你进入这些建筑物后，
the private sphere was left behind you.
你就没有了私人领域。
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
这已成为我们职业生涯规范，
such a norm and such an expectation.
类似这样的规范，这样的期望。
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
它与技术能力没有任何关系。
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
手机就在那里。但是，一旦你进入到工作领域，所期望的是，
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
你的义务就是全身心地完成手头的任务，
fully to the people around you.
全身心服务于你身边的人们。
That was where the focus had to be.
这就是要关注的事情。
And this has become such a cultural norm
这已成为一种文化规范，
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
它使得我们竟教育孩子们进行这种分离，不亲密的转变。
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
如果你想想托儿所，幼儿园，开学第一年
are just dedicated to take away the children,
仅仅一味地带走孩子们，
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
让他们习惯远离他们自己的家庭很长的时间。
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
然后学校扮演了非常完美的角色，
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
完全模仿所有在办公室要发生的的规范仪式，
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
进入的仪式，退出的仪式，
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
时间表，在这个国家的制服，
things that identify you, team-building activities,
确定你身份的东西，团队建设活动，
team building that will allow you to basically
团队建设主要使你可以
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
与任何孩子们，或者随机的一群人
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
相处一段时间。
And of course, the major thing:
当然，主要的事情：
learn to pay attention,
学会集中注意力，
to concentrate and focus your attention.
要集中精力，集中你的注意力。
This only started about 150 years ago.
这大概于150年前开始。
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
它（这种分离）随着当代官僚
and of industrial revolution.
和工业革命的诞生而开始。
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
当人们基本上要去别的地方工作
and carry out the work.
并开展工作。
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
随着当代官僚，就有一个非常合理的方法，
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
那里有一个私人领域
and the public sphere.
和公共领域之间的明确区分。
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
所以，到那时，基本上人们生活在他们各自行业。
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
他们生活在他们耕耘的土地上。
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
他们生活在他们工作的车间。
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
如果你想想看，它（这种分离）就贯穿我们的整个文化，
even our cities.
甚至我们的城市。
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
如果你想想中世纪的城市，中世纪城市的市镇，
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
居住在那里的各行各业都有名字。
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
现在我们有广阔的住宅郊区
that are well distinct from production areas
它很好地与生产区域
and commercial areas.
和商业领域分别开。
And actually, over these 150 years,
实际上，在这150年间，
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
有一个非常明确的阶级制度也出现了。
So the lower the status of the job
因此，工作职责越低
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
和执行越低级工作的人，他越被剥夺
he would be from his personal sphere.
他的私人领域空间。
People have taken this amazing possibility
人们一整天或者在任何情况下
of actually being in contact all through the day
使用着这惊人的可以用来
or in all types of situations.
亲密联系的可能性交流。
And they are doing it massively.
然而他们大规模地联系。
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
皮尤研究所，定期提供的良好数据表明，
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
例如，在美国，
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
我认为这个数据是保守的 -
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
百分之五十的人在工作中通过电子邮件，
is actually doing private email from his office.
实际上是从他的办公室发私人电子邮件。
I really think that the number is conservative.
我的确认为这数据是保守的。
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
就我自己的研究，我认为私人电邮的高峰
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
实际上是早上的11点，不管什么国家。
75 percent of people admit doing private
百分之七十五的人们承认
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
在工作时用移动电话进行私人聊天。
100 percent are using text.
百分之百地使用短信。
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
关键是这种私人领域的再兴起
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
在所有机构并不是十分成功。
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
我经常吃惊，美国陆军
sociologists are discussing of the impact
社会学家讨论着
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
例如伊拉克的军人们
having daily contact with their families.
与他们的家人们每天联系的影响。
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
但是许多机构实际上正在阻止这样的联系。
And every day, every single day,
每一天，每一日，
I read news that makes me cringe,
我看到的新闻使我害怕，
like a $15 fine
例如
to kids in Texas,
针对于得克萨斯州的孩子们的15美元罚款，
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
就因为在学校他们每次拿出和使用他们的移动电话。
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
如果纽约的公共汽车司机被看到手拿有移动电话，
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
他就被立即解雇。
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
公司禁止即时通讯和Facebook。
Behind issues of security and safety,
除了安全保护问题，
which have always been the arguments for social control,
一直有社交控制的舆论，
in fact what is going on is that
事实上要发生的是
these institutions are trying to decide
这些制度正决定着
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
到底谁有权自行决定该关注的事情，
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
去决定，是否它们应该，或者不应该，被孤立。
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
在某种意义上，它们实际中在试图阻止
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
这种更有可能的亲密性运动。
