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They could summon assemblies, could command armies and possessed imperium.
他们可以召集集会指挥军队以及拥有统治权
Two praetors, minimum age to serve, 40.
两个司法官，最低执政年龄是40
Could conduct trials in the forum, could command armies, had imperium.
可以在广场上进行审判只会军队，拥有统治权
Four aediles, minimum age to serve, 34.
行政官执政的最小年龄是34岁
Oversaw public works and put on public games at private expense.
监督公共事务自己拿钱举办公共游戏
10 quaestors, minimum age to serve 31.
10名财务官，最小执政年龄是31岁
Affiliated with the Roman treasury,
隶属于罗马国库
and the election to quaestor carried with it automatic appointment to the Roman Senate.
和选举财务官同时进行的是罗马元老会成员的任命
Three other offices existed outside of the cursus honorum.
还有三名官员在一系列官职之外
10 tribunes or protectors of the plebeians.
有10名护民官以保护平民
They had to be completely of plebeian blood.
这些人一定要是纯正的平民血统
They could veto anything that was going on anywhere,
他们可以否决
anytime in the Roman State by saying the Roman word for veto, which is veto.
元老会的所有事情他们的方法是说veto也就是禁止
And anyone who laid a finger on a tribune during his term of office
任何一个在任期内打护民官的人
was to be punished severely and immediately.
将会立即受到严厉的惩罚
Two censors were elected every 5 years from among the ex-consuls.
每五年要从前执政官中选举监察官
They count, had a census or a counting of all citizens,
他们对全体人民进行人口普查
and they examines senators for morality.
检查元老会成员的道德品行
Finally, there was the office of dictator.
最后还有独裁官这个职位
The dictator was elected only in case of severe emergencies.
只有在发生紧急事件时才能允许选举独裁官
The dictator held office alone for no more than 6 months,
执政的时间不能超过六个月
and worked with an assistant called the master of horse.
同时，还有一名助手叫做御马官
Once the dictator's term was over,
一旦独裁官的任期到了
he was through, regardless of whether he had solved the problem or not.
无论他又没有解决问题都要离职
Finally, the Romans had three official popular assemblies.
最后，罗马还有三个著名的集会
In descending order of importance,
按照重要性降序排列，依次是
the Centuriate Assembly, which elected consuls and praetors.
百人团会议选举执政官和司法官
The Tribal Assembly,
部落会议
which elected aediles and quaestors.
选举市政官和财务官
And the Assembly of the People, which elected tribunes.
以及人民大会选举护民官
Any of these three assemblies could and did pass laws, which were binding upon the Roman state.
这三个集会都可以通过法律这对罗马有约束力
The fourth and most powerful assembly, the Senate,
第四个也是最有影响力的集会是元老会
otherwise known as the patras or fathers, was officially just an advisory body.
也被叫做patras或者父亲元老会官方是顾问团
It could not supposedly pass binding laws.
不能通过绝对法
But the Senate's advice basically, according to the mos maiorum, had the force of Roman law.
但是元老会的建议基本上根据祖先的做法能够执行罗马法
In other words, the Senate had patria potestas,
换句话说，元老会对罗马政府
the power of a father, over the Roman government.
有patria potestas也就是家父权
And what a Roman's father said was what a good Roman did.
罗马父亲所说的正是好的罗马人所做的
Yet, another part of Rome's genius included its ability to move away from the mos maiorum, when it was clearly necessary.
但是，罗马人的天才创意还包括在必要的时候远离祖先的道路
The foundation of the republic supposedly in 509 BC was just the first example.
罗马共和国于公元前509年建立这就是第一个例子
Another example is Rome's creation of its first written law code; the Code of 12 Tables,
还有一个例子是罗马创造了第一步成文法十二铜表法
around 451 or 450 BC.
时间大约是在公元前451到450年附近
The plebeians had gotten fed up with how the patrician magistrates interpreted the laws, which had not yet been written down.
平民已经厌倦了审判官解释法律这种方式之前的法律都没有记录下来
