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But no one has yet found a case in which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time.
然而，不需要花费多少时间练习，一个人的技能就达到世界水准，目前还没有这样的案例。
It seems that it takes the brain this long to assimilate all that it need to know to achieve true mastery."
可以看出，长时间的练习能让人脑吸取各种技能信息，保证一个人成为专家，”
This is true even of people we think of as prodigies.
即使我们眼中的天才，他们的成功也是如此。
Mozart, for example, famously started writing music at six.
例如，莫扎特，这位著名的音乐家6岁就开始作曲。
But, according to the psychologist Michael Howe in his book Genius explained,
但是，心理学家迈克尔.豪在他的著作《解读天才》里面却说道：
by the standards of mature composers, Mozart's early works are not outstanding.
在成长为作曲家之前，早期莫扎特并不让人觉得超凡脱俗。
The earliest pieces were probably written down by his father, and perhaps improved in the process.
他早期的作品都是在父亲的帮助下完成，在父亲的指导下取得进步。
Many of Wolfgang's childhood compositions, such as the first seven of his concertos for piano and orchestra,
沃尔夫冈小时候的许多作品，例如钢琴和管弦第七协奏曲，
are largely arrangements of works by other composers.
几乎都是在其他作曲家帮助下完成的。
Of those concertos that only contain music original to Mozart, the earliest that is now regarded as a masterwork (No.9, K. 271)
当然这些协奏曲只是莫扎特音乐生涯的起的作品（N0.9, K271):从这时开始，
was not composed until he was 21: by that time, Mozart had already been composing concertos for ten years.
从这时开始，莫扎特开始了十来年的协奏曲作曲家生涯。
The music critic Harold Schonberg goes further: Mozart, he argues, actually "developed late,"
另一位音乐评论家哈诺德勋博格甚至认为，莫扎特的音乐生涯实际上“发展迟缓”，
since he didn't produce his greatest work until he had been composing for over twenty years.
在经过了20多年的作曲锻炼之后，才创作了他最伟大的作品。
To become a chess grandmaster also seems to take about ten years.
象棋大师的成长也需要10年以上的时间。
(Only the legendary Bobby Fischer got to that elite level in less than that time: it took him nine years.)
（只有国际象棋的传奇大师鲍比菲舍尔例外，他只用了9年时间，就进入了顶尖棋手的行列。）
And what's ten years? Well, it's roughly how long it takes to put in ten thousand hours of hard practice.
10年意味者什么？它是10，000个小时的艰苦训练。
Ten thousand hours is the magic number of greatness.
对那些取得伟大成就的人来说，10,000个小时是个魔幻般的数字。
Here is the explanation for what was so puzzling about the rosters of the Czech and Canadian national sports teams.
这就充分解释了令人费解的捷克的运动员名单和加拿大国家运动队员的选拔。
There was virtually no one on those teams born after September 1, which doesn't seem to make any sense.
在这些名单中，几乎没有人出生在9月1日之后，这看起来或许并不是什么大不了的事。
You'd think that there should be a fair number of Czech hockey or soccer prodigies born late in the year
你也许会认为，在捷克曲棍球和足球运动员中，那些能力超凡的运动员凭借自己的努力，
who are so talented that they eventually make new way into the top tier as young adults.
即便在下半年出生，即便他们出生较晚，他们依旧可以在很年轻的时候就进入顶尖行列。
But to Ericsson and those who argue against the primacy of talent, that isn't surprising at all.
但是对埃里克森和其他反对把天赋放在首位的人来说，是不大可能出现这种意外惊喜的。
