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But with typical Roman modesty,
但带着典型的罗马人的谦逊
typical Roman regard for the mos maiorum,
罗马人对规则的遵守
Scipio settled for the honorific title Africanus –
西庇阿满足于一个称号
that is "Scipio of Africa." He then spent the rest of
即"非洲的西庇阿"他的余生
his career in comparative quiet.Segment eight D;
都在平静中度过，第四部分
Rome Becomes A Superpower.
罗马崛起成为强国
Rome's victory over Carthage in the second Punic War,
罗马在第二次布匿战争中战胜迦太基
two eighteen to two zero one BC, was final.
那是在公元前218年直至公元前201
Combined with Rome's victory over King Philip
罗马也战争了菲力浦大帝
the Fifth of Macedon, it made Rome the major power
他是马其顿国家，这也是罗马成为强国
in the Mediterranean world.
在整个地中海地区
such as Sicily, Corsica, Illyria, and Transpadane Gaul.
比如西西里，科西嘉，伊利里亚和山南高卢
Yet the Roman aristocracy's passiveness
但罗马人在与Hannibal战斗时
in fighting Hannibal suggests that
仍保持被动，这表明了
Rome had no clear-cut imperialistic agenda.
罗马并没有明确的帝国主义目标
The Romans never did forgot
罗马人从未忘记
how close Hannibal had come to beating them
汉尼拔如何打击罗马
and the cry Hannibal ad portas sent little Roman kids
还讲着汉尼拔的故事吓唬小孩
skittering for centuries afterward.
之后的几百年间仍是如此
But as the superpower in the Mediterranean,
但作为地中海地区的强国
the Romans were now obliged to maintain order
罗马人现在有义务维持秩序
in the territory they now ruled.
在他们统治的地区中
Rome needed a workable public plan for ensuring
罗马需要可行的公共事务规划
it would never again come so close to defeat.
确保它不会再输
Up until the second Punic War,
直到第二次布匿战争
most of Rome's wars had in fact been defensive.
罗马的绝大多数战役都以失败告终
Since this satisfied the ius fetialis,
自从满足了使节制度后
the Romans found this a comfortable way to operate.
罗马便可以开始良好地运行
But Rome's new superpower responsibilities
但罗马作为新的强国的责任
brought on a period of aggressive imperialism,
也带来了一段时期的激进帝国主义
in which the Romans picked fights in order to stabilize
在此期间，罗马也开始打仗
the Greek-speaking Eastern Mediterranean world.
为了稳定地中海东部讲希腊语的地区
We've already seen that Rome had no coherent plan
我们已经看到罗马没有连贯的计划
for assimilating its Italian conquests and Italian allies.
以此同化意大利被征服者和同盟
Some towns got citizenship,
有一些城镇的人获得居民权
some towns got Latin rights, and some got the shaft.
有人获得拉丁的权力，有人却受到不公正待遇
The mos maiorum had no provisions
规则中却没有详细规定
for assigning ager publicus - that is to say
如何帮助国有土地，也就是说
captured land belonging to the Roman state.
那些被掠夺的土地属于罗马
But the experience of the Second Punic War
但第二次布匿战争的经历
proved to the Romans that
向罗马证明了
a workable plan was desperately needed.
他们非常需要一个可行的计划
So the Romans invented a system of provinces.
因此罗马就建立了许多省份
The provinces of Sicily two forty one BC,
在公元前241年建立西西里省
Sardinia and Corsica two thirty one BC,
公元前231年建立撒丁和科西嘉省
Nearer Spain one ninety seven BC,
在公元前197年建立西班牙
Farther Spain one ninety seven BC
同年也建立了远西班牙
and Illyricum one sixty seven BC were established,
在公元前167年建立了伊利里亚
and overseen by promagistrates.
由资深长官来监督
Promagistrates were former consuls or former praetors
资深长官也是前领事或前长官
who served a year governing one of these provinces.
他们会有一年任期，管理这些省
The Roman provinces were ruled for Rome's benefit
罗马省份的管理只符合罗马利益
alone. The proconsuls and propraetors themselves
那些资深长官和前领事们
were accountable only to the Roman Senate,
只对罗马元老院负责
of which they were already influential members.
他们早已是元老院影响力很大的成员
In his own province, the proconsul or propraetor
每个资深领事在他管理的省份中
had imperium, he dispensed justice, usually for a price,
都有统治权，他分配公平
protecting Roman business interests,
保护罗马的商业利益
and made sure that the locals,
也要确保当地居民
either inside or outside the province, obeyed Rome.
无论是在省内还是省外的都服从罗马
