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Narrator: Giving up cocaine may be harder than he thinks.
旁白：放弃可卡因可能会比他想象的更难。
New research shows cocaine addiction grips snorters just as tightly as crack smokers.
新的研究表明可卡因成瘾可以像套住快客吸食者那样套住鼻吸者。
Narrator: 25% of Americans who have used cocaine in the past year will develop a problem.
旁白：在去年，25%的美国可卡因吸食者最终会陷入麻烦。
Some will end up in prison. Many will seek help for addiction.
一些人入狱。许多人会因成瘾而寻求帮助。
At the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, a set of remarkable experiments is being conducted to discover the true nature of cocaine addiction.
在纽约的布鲁克海文国家实验室，正在进行一系列著名的实验，以便于发现可卡因成瘾的实质。
Mexican-born Professor Nora Volkow is one of America's leading specialists on drug addiction.
墨西哥裔的诺拉·沃尔科夫教授是美国的一名毒品成瘾研究带头人。
She's on a personal mission to understand the cause of addiction, driven by memories of her alcoholic uncle.
她基于个人的使命去了解网瘾的原因，被其酒精成瘾的叔叔的回忆所驱动。
Nora Volkow: My uncle, who I loved dearly, was an alcoholic.
诺拉·沃尔科夫：我的叔叔，我挚爱的亲人，是个酒鬼。
And, and to me it was very painful to see this man who I adored, basically be rejected by the system.
对我来说，看到这个我挚爱的男人是很痛苦的，基本上被体系所排斥。
Narrator: As late as the 1980s many scientists and politicians believed cocaine was non-addictive.
旁白：一直到20世纪80年代，还有许多科学家和政治家认为可卡因没有成瘾性。
Professor Volkow believes they're wrong.
沃尔科夫教授认为他们错了。
Nora Volkow: Take a group of animals give them free availability on one side heroin, and in another group give them free availability of cocaine.
诺拉·沃尔科夫：向一组动物无限制投放海洛因，向一组无限制投放可卡因。
Investigators did that and then one month later they came and they went and I look at the animals that were given free availability of heroin, which no-one will doubt, is a very addictive drug, and they were happily over there.
研究人员这么做，他们来了一个月之后，他们走了，我观察动物，发现无限制投放海洛因的那组动物，毫无疑问，海洛因作为一种非常容易上瘾的药物，他们在那里很快乐。
The group of the cocaine animals, they were all dead.
而可卡因动物组，他们都死了。
They had actually compulsively taken cocaine to the extreme that none of them survived.
他们实际上是被迫服食可卡因到了极致，没有存活的。
Narrator: Professor Volkow uses a PET scanner to take pictures of human brains under the influence of cocaine.
旁白：沃尔科夫教授采用了PET扫描仪，获取可卡因的影响下的人类大脑的照片。
Nora Volkow: What we're trying to do is use imaging to help us identify the areas of the brain and proteins in the brain that get disrupted by the use of drugs in people that lose control of their drug intake and at the expense of, of basically everything else in their life.
诺拉·沃尔科夫：我们正在努力做的是使用成像技术，以帮助我们鉴别因使用毒品而造成破坏的大脑区域和大脑中的蛋白质，目标人群是毒品吸食量失控的人以及基本上，对生活的方方面面造成损害。
Narrator: Her images show cocaine changes the brain's structure.
旁白：她的图像显示，可卡因改变了大脑的结构。
Nora Volkow: Repeated exposure produces changes on the way that the brain gets connected and functions that result in pathological behavior, and that's why it's called a disease.
诺拉·沃尔科夫：反复的毒品暴露改变了大脑的联接和运作方式，从而导致病态行为，这就是它被称为一种疾病的原因。
Narrator: Professor Volkow scans hundreds of users and ex-users.
旁白：沃尔科夫教授对数百名吸毒者和前吸毒者的大脑进行了扫描。
While scanning ex-users she notices an irregularity, whenever they discuss cocaine, their dopamine levels rise.
当扫描前吸毒者时，她发现了异常，当他们讨论可卡因时，其多巴胺水平就会上升。
At first she doesn't understand why. Then, it hits her.
起初，她不明白这是为什么。然后，她恍然大悟。
