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Beijing's fragile economy was in transition and it also assisted in the politicization of the public sphere.
北京脆弱的经济正在经历过渡期，同时也加剧了公共领域的政治化
Notice too the French renaissance touches to the Arrow Towers fenestration.
另外注意，法国文艺复兴影响了箭楼的开窗术
Was that the influence of old Beijing or enlightened Paris?
影响是来自老北京，还是启蒙的巴黎呢
No less than anywhere else, Chinese culture has always been a shifting, amalgam, a bricolage of pieces from here and there.
和其他地方一样，中国文化一直在转变，是混合体，是来自这里和那里的碎片拼合而成
Just as Beijing cuisine is unimaginable without the Colombian exchange and its special heritage is as much Mongolian as Han,
就像我们很难想象今天的北京菜是什么样子，如果没有哥伦布的传播的话，它的独特来源既是蒙古族也是汉族
so its self strengthening movement of the 1900's fed on social Darwinist ideology.
因此20世纪的自强运动产生于社会达尔文主义
Its May 4th activism was a manifestation of modern European nationalism, and its Marxist revolution was a Russian import.
五四运动是一个现代欧洲民族主义的表现而马克思主义革命来自俄国
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen inaugurated the Republic of China in Nanjing
1912年，孙中山任总统，成立中华民国，那是在南京，
and Nanjing became the capital of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang administration until 1949.
而南京成为了首都，蒋介石的国民党政权的首都直至1949
Beijing might have lost its status as capitol, but it was always the symbolic center of power and the intellectual center of protest.
北京可能失去了地位首都的地位，但它一直是一种象征，象征权利和反抗的智慧中心
Faculty, students and librarians at or from Peking University published the influential New Youth Journal,
教职员，学生和图书管理员，他们在或来自北京大学，出版了很有影响的《新青年》杂志
they founded the Chinese Communist Party and they fomented the protests that shaped a new polity.
建立了中国共产党，且激起对新政治的保卫
