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Even when Nicolas II granted a Duma in his 1906 manifesto, it was only under pressure.
即便是尼古拉斯二世在他的1906年宣言中，授权成立杜马，那也是处于压力之下做出的选择
Nicolas did everything in his admittedly feeble powers to throw obstacles in the new Duma's path.
尼古拉斯在他众所周知的软弱权力范围内尽其所能地阻碍新杜马的建立
The Russian intelligentsia, which should have been welcomed into public life and public affairs decades ago,
俄罗斯知识分子本应几十年前就参与到公共生活与决策中去
was forced to take a crash course in parliamentary democracy.
却不得不被迫参加议会民主速成班
This crash course was interrupted by the First World War and the Russian empire was interrupted too.
这门速成课程被第一次世界大战打断，同样地俄罗斯帝国的进程也被打断了
Two. The genius of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
二，弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁的天才才能
At the risk of oversimplifying somewhat, sometimes history, for whatever reason, produces great people at crucial times in a nation's history.
这样说可能会有简化之嫌，有时历史会出于某种原因，在一个民族的历史上在关键时刻创造出伟大的人物
Augustus Caesar was one and was Emperor Peter the Great, and as was Catherine the Great.
奥古斯都·凯撒，彼得大帝，叶卡捷琳娜大帝都是如此
Abraham Lincoln was another such great person.
亚伯拉罕·林肯是另一名这样伟大的人物
So, much less fortunately were Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin.
而不太幸运的例子就是阿道夫·希特勒，约瑟夫·斯大林和弗拉基米尔·列宁
Lenin may or may not have been motivated by the death of his older brother.
列宁是否受他哥哥之死所激励我们并不知道
But Lenin did make the revolution his entire life.
但是列宁的确一生都投入到了革命中
When the Bolshevik state came about in all probability Lenin worked himself to death
当布尔什维克遇到各种状况时，列宁一直工作到去世
micro-managing everything that came across his desk, hurling out commands and reproaches over the phone, the telegram and in writing.
对放到他桌子上的所有事务都细致地管理，通过电话，电报和书面文件发出命令和责斥
