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When Gustav Mahler was still alive in the early 1900s, you see these caricatures of him
二十世纪初古斯塔夫·马勒还在世的时候，有人画了这些漫画。
and it's crazy gestures, his arms are up, he's jumping up and down on the podium, extremely large gestures.
漫画中他的姿势都很夸张，手抬得高高的，在指挥台上上蹿下跳，动作要多夸张有多夸张。
At the same time, Richard Strauss another composer living in the same city basically,
而同一时期，可以说和他在同一个城市的另一名指挥家，理查德·施特劳斯
was conducting his own music like this, you know, barely moving.
指挥的时候又是这个样子，他的手基本上都没咋动。
and if you think this is a quiet part in his music, then you're wrong.
如果你以为那是他在指挥一个比较舒缓的乐段，那你就错了。
He thought the role of a conductor was to organize the music and keep everything calm.
在他看来，指挥的作用就是把整个音乐组织起来，保证一切都很冷静。
Our biggest job as a conductor, it's to do justice to the composer.
作为指挥家，我们最大的责任是要充分诠释作曲家的意图。
My name is James Gaffigan, I am a conductor.
我是詹姆斯·加菲根，我是一名指挥。
What the public needs to understand about conducting is it's an anticipatory art,
大家需要知道的是，指挥是一种先行艺术，
so what we do takes place before the music happens.
我们所做的指挥是先于演奏的。
Rhythmic hand goes up before the music starts and this hand will give a gesture before that sound.
在音乐开始之前，负责控制节奏的右手上扬，然后这只手给一个手势。
I've always found it strange to hold a baton
我总是觉得拿指挥棒很奇怪，
and it's a very strange thing, because why why is it there in the first place?
就是觉得很奇怪，一开始为什么要拿个这个东西？
But the fact of the matter is is it is an extension of your arm.
但事实上，它是你手臂的一个延伸。
If you just make a gesture like this, you just need to move your wrist and you don't have to be doing this all the time.
因为有了它，如果你要做这样一个手势，动动手腕就可以了，就不用这样大幅度地挥舞整个手臂了。
Your right hand is mainly for keeping rhythm or keeping the beat patterns,
指挥时，右手主要负责控制节奏，或者节拍，
so if you give an upbeat, this is 1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.
如果你要打一个四四拍，就这样，1 2 3 4， 1 2 3 4。
If you have 2 4, it's very simple, so 1 2, 1 2 and you could be as small as this, they'll realize that this is 2 4.
如果是四二拍，就简单了，这样，1 2,1 2，你的幅度也可以这么小，大家会懂，会知道你打的是四二拍。
The left hand has a much more complex, strange role in our physical world
相比之下，左手就复杂多了奇怪多了，
and it's freer to do things that are out of the ordinary.
能够超出常规自由发挥的限度也更大。
It could be anything from showing where a phrase goes, it could show speed of a bow.
左手的手势既可以表示乐句的走向，也可以表示拉弦的速度。
String players are very physical in the sense that they they react to what they see.
演奏弦乐的成员是非常务实的，因为他们完全是看指挥的动作演奏。
If you have your left hand open and if you have your right hand slightly open
如果您指挥的时候摊开左手，同时稍稍摊开右手，
and you're holding this sound like as if you'd hold a baby, they'll play that way.
就好像是托着小孩儿一样在托着音乐一样，他们就会那么演奏。
If you conduct like this, they're gonna play like this.
如果你这样指挥，他们就会这样演奏。
Percussion needs clarity from a conductor, they need to know where to hit something
打击乐乐手需要指挥给他们清晰的指令，他们要知道打击乐器的时机。
and the bass drum could play only one note in an hour-long symphony, but that note is very important.
低音鼓手在一个小时的交响乐中演奏种只需要演奏一个音符，但这个音符非常重要。
The worst thing you could do to a brass player before he or she plays is this.
铜管乐手演奏之前，你能给他们的最可怕的指令就是这个。
Because if they see the hand before they have to make the beautiful sound that they need to make,
因为，如果他们演奏出他们需要演奏的那个美丽音符之前看到这个手势，
it's gonna destroy their confidence and it's gonna make their lives very difficult.
就会打击到他们的信心，他们就会觉得很难熬。
Playing the French Horn, there's so much that person needs to think about
而演奏法国圆号的时候，乐手需要考虑的东西就多了，
and it's such a delicate instrument, such a delicate moment.
因为这个乐器实在是太精巧了，演奏的时候就需要格外注意。
The more pressure you put on them, the worse it gets.
你越是给他们压力，演奏的效果就越不理想。
Leonard Bernstein was one of the greatest musicians who had ever lived,
伦纳德·伯恩斯坦堪称是有史以来最伟大的音乐家之一，
not just as a conductor but as a pianist and as a composer.
他不仅是最伟大的指挥家之一，也是最伟大的钢琴家和作曲家之一。
He was able to educate not just adults but children.
他不仅擅长教育成年人，也擅长教育孩子。
Of course when you watch him, he's always dancing
当然了，你看他在舞台上，总是会跳来跳去
and he can't he can't help moving around the podium and his rhythm is contagious.
他总是忍不住在指挥台上动来动去，但他的节奏非常有感染力。
Karajan believed in beautiful sound, upholstered sound, luxurious sound.
卡拉扬信仰的是美妙的声音，华丽的声音，豪华的声音。
So if you hear some of the great recordings of Karajan,
如果你听过卡拉扬的经典作品，
it's not always together at these crucial moments, but there's a beauty of sound always from beginning to end.
虽然在某些关键时刻不一定很协调，但他的指挥，从头到尾都贯穿了一种声音的美感。
I mean he had his eyes closed half the time
虽然他一半的时间都是闭着眼在指挥，
and everything was he was just holding this precious thing all the time and crouched over.
但他一直，好像一直都是怀抱着一件珍贵的东西蜷缩在那里的。
Carlos Kleiber was all you know, he was holding a magic wand.
卡洛斯·克莱伯嘛，你们知道的，他的指挥棒仿佛带有魔法一般。
He was fantasy, pure fantasy.
他绝对是个传奇，百分百的传奇。
He would make beautiful story lines to pieces that didn't have story lines.
他能够给那些原本没有故事主线的片段串连出美丽的主线。
He was all about this gesture and these beautiful sweeping gestures.
他总是会用到这个手势，这个漂亮的横扫的手势。
I don't believe in jumping around during a Bruckner symphony, I think there's something sacred and it's unnecessary.
我不建议在指挥布鲁克纳交响乐的时候在台上跳来跳去，没有必要，指挥是一件很神圣的事情。
I do believe in having a great time with jazz music and music that swings.
我坚信爵士乐能够给大家带来美好的时光。
You should make the audience want to dance although you shouldn't be a circus act.
你的指挥应该让观众有种想跟着音乐舞蹈的冲动，而不是像马戏团的表演。
I think people should focus on the music and not the conductor.
我觉得人们应该把注意力集中在音乐上，而不是指挥身上。
