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Hey there! My name is Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater and last time, we looked at how the liturgical drama—specifically a call-and-response section smuggled into the Easter liturgy—helped bring theater back to the West.
嘿，大家好，我是迈克·鲁格内塔，这里是“戏剧速成小课堂” 上节课我们学习了礼仪剧是如何让戏剧重返西方舞台的 尤其是复活节礼拜仪式中增添的对话环节
Today we'll look at another way theater got snuck back into the Christian world.
今天我们来看看戏剧重返基督界的另一种方式
Who did the sneaking? A canoness! What is a canoness?
谁又抄袭了？一个女牧师！什么是女牧师呢？
It's a fancy kind of nun! Not often known for their sneaking, right?
就是修女的一种高大上叫法 很少有人知道她们会抄袭 对不对？
All those surprising sneaks took place in an abbey, in an otherwise unremarkable spot in Lower Saxony, Germany.
这些让人难以置信的抄袭行为发生在德国下萨克森州的一家不起眼的修道院里
You can still visit it today, if you want!
现在那里仍可供参观 如果你想去参观的话
Enjoy the half-timbered houses, and if you're old enough, raise a beer stein to Hrotsvitha, the Loud Cry of Gandersheim—the queen of medieval closet drama and the world's first female playwright.
可以去欣赏一下那些砖木结构的房屋 如果你成年了 那就顺便再和赫罗斯维塔畅饮一杯 甘达斯海姆的呐喊 她是中世纪的书斋剧女王 也是世界上第一位女剧作家
Well, the first we know about, anyway. I hear there was lots of sneaking!
好吧 是我们所了解到的第一个 听说她很擅长抄袭！
Hrotsvitha was born in Saxony around the 10th century.
赫罗斯维塔于大约10世纪出生在萨克森
We don't know how she came to take the veil, because record-keeping wasn't really medieval Saxony's jam.
我们并不知道她是如何成为修女的 因为中世纪的人们真的不擅长做记录
We do know Hrotsvitha's name literally means "strong honor,"…but she decided it meant something more like "the clarion call" or "the loud cry." - which I mean, hey, all of these very strong contenders if you ask me.
我们知道的是 “赫罗斯维塔”这个名字的字面意思是“强大的荣誉” 但是她认为这个词的意思更像是“号角发出的呼唤”或者“大声的叫喊” 我说 嘿 如果让我选 我觉得这倆都很可以
At some point, She joined the convent at Gandersheim as a canoness, giving her the freedom to own property, keep servants and wear whatever kind of wimple she wanted.
某天 她以圣徒的身份入赘了冈德西姆的修道院 她在那里有财产自由、雇佣仆人自由以及戴各式温帕尔头巾的自由
Yeah, it's good to be the canoness.
嗯 做圣徒福利也不错
She studied under two women at the convent, including the abbess, and became exceptionally well-read.
她在修道院师承过两位女老师 其中包括那名女修道院院长 之后她变得异常博学
Moreover, she read diversely—the Bible, sure, and the writings of the church fathers and the noncanonical gospels, but also contemporary histories and secular Latin greats, too, like Ovid and Virgil.
此外 她还阅读了各式各样的书籍——《圣经》是必读的 还有教会神父的著作、非正典的福音书、当代的历史书籍以及非宗教的拉丁伟人的书籍 比如奥维德和维吉尔
She even read our old friends Plautus and Terence.
她甚至还读了我们的老朋友——普洛特斯和特伦斯的作品
But those comedies were a little troubling for Hrotsvitha—so much lewd behavior—so … she decided to write her own versions!
但是这些喜剧作品对赫罗斯维塔来说有点少儿不宜 因为太粗俗下流了 所以她决定自己动手写戏剧
We're going to talk about those in two shakes of a saxon sheeps tail.
我们马上就会讲到这些
In addition to plays, she also wrote verse legends and histories–one about Otto I, the Holy Roman Emperor, and another about her own convent–all of them in careful meter.
除戏剧外 她还写诗歌传说和历史 有一本是关于奥托一世的 《神圣罗马帝国皇帝》还有一本是关于她自己的修道院的 所有她的作品都韵律严谨
She's the first playwright of the Middle Ages and if later woodcuts are anything to go by, her taste in wimples was, in fact …. divine.
她是中世纪的第一个剧作家 如果参考后来的木刻像的话 可以发现她对(修女戴的)温帕尔头巾的品味 其实…棒棒的
Hrotsvitha's plays are known as the Comaedia Sacrae, or Sacred Comedies.
赫罗斯维塔的戏剧被称为“Sacrae Comaedia” 或者说是“神圣的喜剧”
Hrotsvitha loved comedy. I mean, she loved God, too, of course.
赫罗斯维塔很爱喜剧 嗯 她也爱上帝 当然了
But she also loved Terence, who you may remember was a more polite writer than his contemporary Plautus—fewer dirty jokes, less adultery.
但她也爱特伦斯 你们可能还有印象 特伦斯的作品比同时代普劳特的作品要更矜持些 黄段子更少 通奸也没那么频繁
But still based on secular subjects, and that made Hrotsvitha worry that her love for them was somehow harmful to her faith and the faith of others.
但仍是基于世俗主题 这使得赫罗斯维塔担忧自己对这些作家的爱在某种程度上玷污了自己和其他信徒们的信仰
She wrote in a preface that she knew a lot of Catholics were "attracted by the polished elegance of the style of pagan writers"—so attracted that they might prefer Terence to holy scripture.
她在序言中写道 她知道很多天主教教徒“被异教作家优雅的风格所迷惑” 程度之深以至于他们爱特伦斯胜过爱《圣经》
This is maybe selling short how much weird violence and sex stuff persists in holy scripture, but ok, that's weird violence and sex stuff that's in a holy text so point taken I guess?
这么说可能低估了圣经里对扭曲的暴力和性的描述力度 但是 好吧 圣经里描述的扭曲暴力和性大概也和圣经一样神圣~ 我想是这么个意思
Hrotsvitha warned that readers who were charmed by polished pagan elegance, risked "being corrupted by the wickedness of the matter."
赫罗斯维塔警告说：那些被精致的异教优雅所吸引的读者冒着“被邪恶腐化”的危险
So she thought, "Hey, maybe I'll use my loud cry to write plays in the meter and style of Terence. Maybe they can be funny. But also holy!"
所以她就想，“嘿，或许我可以用我响亮的叫喊来写特伦斯风格韵律的戏剧，有趣的同时依旧不失神圣！”
We believe in you, Hrotsvitha!
你行的 赫罗斯维塔 我们相信你！
Care to guess what theme might interest a nun who has made herself a bride of Christ?
来猜一下：一个将自己嫁给了基督的修女会对什么主题感兴趣？
That's right. Chastity!
对的 节操！
If Terence is going to write about "the shameless acts of licentious women", Hrotsvitha is going to write about virgins, and also ~unchaste ladies~ who repent and embrace chastity.
如果特伦斯写的是“淫乱女人的无耻行为” 那么赫罗斯维塔写的就是处女 还有~不自爱的女人~她们忏悔并信奉贞洁
Basically: it's just a little bit of medieval slut shaming…
说白了：只是有那么一点点中世纪荡妇的羞耻感
It's clear that love and sex fascinate Hrotsvitha.
显然爱和性让赫罗斯维塔着迷
In her preface, she blushes to admit her work has forced her to think about "the dreadful frenzy of those possessed by unlawful love, and the insidious sweetness of passion—things which should not even be named among us."
在她撰写的前言里 她羞于承认“她的作品迫使她去思考‘那些被非法的爱所支配之人的可怕迷乱和按捺不住的激情甜蜜——那些字眼儿我们提都不该提。’”
Sister, please!
妹子 放轻松！
But she argues that only by coming to grips with lust can she demonstrate how much more wonderful "the divine succor" is of those who resist it.
但她认为 只有通过对欲望的控制她才能证明那些抗拒欲望的人是多么美妙的“神的援助”
Whether or not Hrotsvitha's works were performed has been the subject of debate.
大家对“赫罗斯维塔的作品是否被表演过”一直议论纷纷
Most scholars believe that Hrotsvitha wrote her plays to be read, a genre we call closet dramas.
大多数学者认为赫罗斯维塔写戏剧只为了供人阅读 我们把这种只供阅读的剧本称为“书斋剧”
After all, that's how she encountered Terence's plays—in book form, not on stage.
毕竟 这便是她和特伦斯的戏剧相遇的方式——以书的形式而不是在舞台上
It's probable that her work was read aloud, and remotely possible that it was performed privately in the Medieval period.
她的作品很有可能是被大声朗读 中世纪时期被私下表演的可能性极小
But since the late 19th-century, her plays have been performed pretty often.
但是自19世纪后期 她的戏剧作品已经被频繁地演出
At one point the art collective the Guerrilla Girls–who are rad as heck and if you don't know them, Sarah did an awesome Art Assignment video on them–they offered a prize to any theater who would switch out a Greek tragedy written by a man for one of Hrotsvitha's comedies.
曾经出现过一个艺术团体“游击女郎”——她们很酷 如果你不知道他们 萨拉为他们制作过一段精彩的艺术任务视频——她们向任何愿意把某希腊悲剧改编成赫罗斯维塔喜剧的剧作家提供奖金支持
One of those comedies is called Dulcitius. Critics regard this as her funniest play, even though it … describes the martyrdom of three young women. And yet: kind of a knee-slapper.
其中就有一部喜剧叫做《杜尔西丘斯》 评论家们认为这是她最有趣的一部戏剧 虽然它写的是三个年轻女人的殉难故事 但是还有点搞笑
Dulcitius is based on, and named after, an historical figure: the Roman governor of Macedonia in the late third and early fourth century, known for persecuting Christian women.
《杜尔西丘斯》是基于一个历史人物所写的 并以其名命名：就是公元3世纪末4世纪初的马其顿罗马总督 以迫害基督教妇女而闻名
And the young women in the play are actual Christian martyrs, though IRL they died a century before Dulcitius came to power.
剧中的年轻女性是真正的基督教殉道者 虽然现实生活中她们在杜尔西丘斯掌权的一个世纪前就去世了(IRL=In Real Life)
So Hrotsvitha has taken some liberties.
所以赫罗斯维塔获得了一些自由
Take us there, Thoughtbubble:
带我们穿越历史吧 思想泡泡：
Emperor Diocletian wants to arrange marriages for three Virgin sisters:
戴克里先皇帝想为三个处女姐妹安排婚姻：
Agape, whose name means love, Irena, whose name means peace and Chionia, whose name means snow, which basically means purity… Diocletian tells his sisters they have to renounce Christianity.
阿加普 名字的意思是爱；伊丽娜 名字的意思是和平；基奥尼亚 名字的意思是雪 也就是纯洁……戴克里先皇帝告诉妹妹们她们必须退出基督教
They don't wanna, so he locks them up and sends Dulcitius to question them.
妹妹们不想 所以他把妹妹们锁起来 让达勒提乌斯去审问他们
Dulcitius sees them through a window, decides they're all super hot, and asks them to be locked up in the kitchen so that he can, um, "visit" them.
达勒提乌斯透过窗户看她们 觉得她们超级性感 就要求把她们锁在厨房里 这样他就可以 嗯 “拜访”(做下流事)他们
Why he needed to assault them in a kitchen, specifically?
为什么他要特地选在厨房里进行猥亵行为？
Unclear.
搞不懂
