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When he moved from South Africa to New York City, Norman Rosenthal noticed he felt more depressed during the cold, short days of the city's winters than he had in his home country.
当诺曼·罗森塔尔从南非搬到纽约市时，他发现在这座城市寒冷而短暂的冬季里，他比在祖国时感到更加沮丧。
"It was an illness hiding in plain sight because people said 'well that's how everyone feels in winter.' They didn't see it as treatable," says Rosenthal, a psychiatrist at Georgetown Medical School.
“这是一种隐藏在众目睽睽之下的疾病，因为人们说‘好吧，这就是每个人在冬天的感受。’”他们认为这种情况无法治疗，”乔治城医学院的精神病学家罗森塔尔说。
In 1984, he published the first paper to scientifically name the winter blues: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also called seasonal depression, was a type of depression brought on by the dark days of winter.
1984年，他发表了第一篇科学命名冬季抑郁症的论文：季节性情感障碍（SAD），也称为季节性抑郁症，是一种由冬季黑暗日子带来的抑郁症。
Subsequent studies have found that this form of depression varies by geography.
随后的研究发现，这种形式的抑郁症因地理位置而异。
As much as three percent of the general population is thought to experience SAD,
多达3%的总人口被认为患有SAD，
but one study Rosenthal published in 1990 found that the condition became more prevalent in the U.S. in northern latitudes, with as many as 10 percent of New Hampshire residents reporting the condition.
但罗森塔尔于1990年发表的一项研究发现，这种情况在美国北纬地区更为普遍，多达10%的新罕布什尔州居民报告患有这种情况。
And, surprisingly, about 10 percent of patients suffering from SAD have symptoms in the summertime instead.
令人惊讶的是，大约10%的SAD患者在夏季出现症状。
Whether in winter or summer, mental health experts say there are solutions to treat SAD.
心理健康专家表示，无论冬天或夏天，都有治疗季节性情绪失调的方法。
It's normal for moods to fluctuate with seasons and even for people to feel a little more down in the winter, experts say, but those suffering from SAD experience the symptoms of clinical depression.
专家表示，情绪随季节波动是正常的，甚至在冬天人们会感到更加情绪低落，但患有季节性情感障碍的人会出现临床抑郁症的症状。
"They're exactly the same," says Kelly Rohan, a psychologist at the University of Vermont who specializes in the disorder.
“它们完全一样，”佛蒙特大学专门研究这种疾病的心理学家凯利·罗汉说。
"We would look for things like a persistently sad mood. Losing interest in things. Sleep changes. Significant eating or appetite change. Losing energy. Fatigue. Difficulty concentrating," she says.
“我们会寻找诸如持续悲伤的情绪之类的东西。对事物失去兴趣。睡眠发生变化。饮食或食欲有显著变化。失去能量。疲劳。很难集中註意力，”她说。
At Yale's Winter Depression Research Clinic, the most commonly reported symptoms of winter depression are hypersomnia -- the desire to sleep more than usual -- and an increased appetite, says Paul Desan, a psychiatrist and the clinic's director.
耶鲁大学冬季抑郁症研究诊所的精神科医师兼诊所主任保罗·迪森表示，最常见的冬季抑郁症状是睡眠过多（比平常想睡得更多）和食欲增加。
"It's like human beings are trying to hibernate," says Desan.
“这就像人类试图冬眠一样，”迪森说。
Most people begin experiencing symptoms in young adulthood, but SAD can begin at any stage of life. The condition also varies by sex.
大多数人在成年早期就开始出现症状，但季节性情感障碍可以在人生的任何阶段出现。这种情况也因性别而异。
"About three times as many women as men get SAD for reasons we don't understand," says Desan.
“由于我们不明白的原因而感到悲伤的女性人数大约是男性的三倍，”迪森说。
While SAD is typically diagnosed when patients meet the criteria for clinical depression, some patients fall just short of this official diagnosis.
虽然SAD通常是在患者符合临床抑郁症标准时才被诊断出来的，但有些患者却达不到官方的诊断标准。
They're instead diagnosed with "subsyndromal SAD," a milder but still burdensome condition.
相反，他们被诊断出患有“亚综合征型季节性情感障碍”，这是一种较温和但仍然严重的疾病。
