[by:¿É¿ÉÓ¢Óï¡«m.moreplr.com]
[00:00.00] Last time, we made a general introduction to learning disabilities.
[00:09.58] Today, we will move on to a more common case dyslexia.
[00:15.21]"Dys" means "bad, difficult" and "lexia" means "speech or word" in Greek. 
[00:23.44] Dyslexia literally means the difficulty with words, but it is often used to refer to reading difficulties.
[00:32.19] According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, dyslexia is a learning disability that can hinder a person's ability to read,
[00:40.43] write, spell, and sometimes speak.
[00:43.31] What are the characteristics that accompany dyslexia?
[00:47.03] Classroom teachers may not be able to determine if a student has dyslexia.
[00:51.56] But they may detect early signs that suggest further assessment by health professionals.
[00:57.56] A person with dyslexia tends to lack the awareness of sounds in words or sound order.
[01:03.35] For instance, "left" becomes "felt" when the patient encodes the word.
[01:09.57] That leads to problems with reading comprehension.
[01:12.50] In addition to that, dyslexia patients have great difficulties in expressing their thoughts orally, in handwriting, in mathematics and,
[01:21.57] to make it worse, in figuring out directions in space or time.
[01:26.20] It is difficult to obtain a certain diagnosis of dyslexia before a child begins school, but many patients have a history of difficulties that began well before kindergarten.
[01:37.00] One common misconception about dyslexia is that dyslexic readers write words backwards.
[01:44.00] In fact, this only occurs in a very small population.
[01:47.20] Dyslexic people are better identified by writing that does not seem to match their level of intelligence.
[01:54.23] Let's back to the history of dyslexia.
[01:57.20]The term "dyslexia" Is identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881. The study of reading difficulties dates to the turn of the 20th century.
[02:07.00] Morgan and Hinshelwood were ophthalmologists, that is, eye doctors. They focused on visual aspect that might underlie the reading difficulty and termed it" congenital word blindness."
[02:20.37] In 1937, the neurologist, Orton, the most well known dyslexia researcher, introduced the term "twisted symbols".
[02:28.19] meaning frequent letter reversals found in dyslexic reading and spelling.