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[11:40.44]Section B
[11:42.03]Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages.
[11:48.69]At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.
[11:53.28]Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.
[11:58.43]After you hear a question,
[12:01.05]you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
[12:07.94]Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
[12:14.29]Passage 1
[12:16.37]Reading to oneself is a modern activity
[12:20.42]which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds,
[12:26.32]while during the fifteenth century the term “reading”
[12:30.37]undoubtedly meant reading aloud.
[12:32.78]Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace.
[12:38.36]One should be careful, however,
[12:41.20]in assuming that silent reading came about simply
[12:45.36]because reading aloud is a distraction to others.
[12:48.64]Examination of factors related to the historical development
[12:53.35]of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading
[12:58.60]for most adult reading tasks mainly
[13:02.31]because the tasks themselves changed in character.
[13:05.60]The 19th century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy,
[13:11.06]and thus in the number of readers.
[13:13.47]As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners decreased,
[13:18.83]and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.
[13:22.99]As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common,
[13:27.37]so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity
[13:31.63]in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices.
[13:37.76]There reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.
[13:42.36]Towards the end of the century
[13:44.86]there was still considerable argument over
[13:47.71]whether books should be used for information,
[13:50.34]and over whether the reading material
[13:52.74]such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.
[13:57.34]Indeed this argument remains with us still in education.
[14:01.71]However, whatever its virtues are, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced
[14:09.48]by the mass media on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.
[14:16.38]The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century
[14:21.08]had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied.
[14:24.80]Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[14:32.56]26. Why was reading aloud common before the 19th century?
[14:55.30]27. What did the development of silent reading during the 19th century indicate?
[15:18.47]28. What are educationalists still arguing about?
[15:39.00]29. What is the writer of this passage attempting to do?
[15:59.23]Passage 2
[16:00.21]Stress is a very normal part of life.
[16:03.49]Most people feel stress at some time in their lives.
[16:07.32]It doesn't come from an event itself,
[16:10.06]that is, from the things that are happening in our lives.
[16:13.45]It comes from the meaning we give to what has happened.
[16:17.17]We can experience stress any time we don't feel we have control.
[16:22.20]It is the body's way of showing anxiety or worry.
[16:26.25]Stress is not just caused by our mental or emotional condition,
[16:31.61]it is also influenced by how tired we are,
[16:35.11]whether we have a balanced diet with enough vitamins and minerals,
[16:39.37]whether we get enough physical exercise, and whether we can relax.
[16:43.31]If we feel stressed, there are several things that we can do.
[16:47.90]First, we need to learn how to relax and breathe slowly and smoothly.
[16:53.05]We can also take some time out of our worried,
[16:56.55]busy schedule to notice the small things in life.
[17:00.05]Smell the air, look at the flowers,
[17:02.46]notice the small designs in the leaves on a tree—
[17:05.84]these activities can do much to quiet us and to give ourselves a small break in a busy schedule.
[17:12.85]We need to take care of our bodies.
[17:15.70]Being tired makes it easier for us to get sick and to develop physical problems related to stress.
[17:22.70]We need to get enough rest, eat well, and do some regular exercise.
[17:27.72]Finally, we need to find out what is causing the stress in our lives.
[17:32.87]Once we have found it, we need to begin to change that part of our lives.
[17:37.24]If we believe that we can control stress, we can begin to control our lives.
[17:42.60]Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[17:48.12]30. Which of the following causes stress according to the speaker?
[18:10.08]31. When can we experience stress?
[18:28.44]32. What can help us get rid of stress?
[18:47.78]Passage 3
[18:50.15]Let children learn to judge their own work.
[18:53.10]A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time:
[18:58.00]if corrected too much, he will stop talking.
[19:00.51]He notices a thousand times a day the difference
[19:04.24]between the language he uses and the language those around him use.
[19:08.06]Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's.
[19:14.08]In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn
[19:18.34]to do without being taught—
[19:19.99]to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle—
[19:23.81]compare their own performances with those of more skilled people,
[19:27.53]and slowly make the needed changes.
[19:30.05]But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself.
[19:36.29]We do it all for him.
[19:37.93]We act as if he thought that he would never notice a mistake
[19:41.65]unless it was pointed out to him,
[19:43.18]or correct it unless he was made to.
[19:45.59]Let him work it out, with the help of other children if he wants it,
[19:49.74]what this word says, what the answers are to that problem,
[19:53.13]whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
[19:56.85]If it is a matter of right answers,
[19:59.15]as it may be in Mathematics or Science,
[20:01.67]give him the answer book.
[20:03.41]Let him correct his own papers.
[20:05.16]Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work?
[20:08.67]Our job should be to help the child
[20:11.07]when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer.
[20:14.58]Let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn,
[20:19.28]how to measure their own understanding,
[20:21.69]how to know what they know or do not know.
[20:24.75]Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[20:30.98]33. What is the best way for children to learn things?
[20:52.38]34. What should teachers do when teaching Mathematics?
[21:12.00]35. According to the speaker, what should the teachers in school do?
