2. The Chinese language embraces many unique politeness features, such as self-
denigration and affirmative propensity.
汉语中存在诸多独特的礼貌现象,如贬己尊人和趋于肯定回答倾向。
3. This can include the infliction of pain, but more typically involves verbal
denigration, role playing, and physical immobilization ("tying up").
这可能包括施加痛苦,但更典型的往往牵涉到口头责骂,角色扮演和身体固定(“捆绑”)。