（三）保护个人隐私和个人信息的法律、法规及行业自律规范

3. Legislation protecting personal privacy and information

2009年《刑法修正案（七）》规定了出售、非法获取和提供个人信息罪，2010年7月1日实施的《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》明确规定了对公民个人隐私权的保护。此外，《全国人大常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》、《电信条例》、《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》、《网络游戏管理暂行办法》、《互联网医疗保健信息服务管理办法》、《网络商品交易及有关服务行为管理暂行办法》、《互联网视听节目服务管理规定》和《上海市促进电子商务发展规定》等法律、行政法规、部门规章以及地方性法规也有保护个人信息的规定。我国互联网行业从业单位还以行业自律规范的形式签署了中国互联网行业自律公约，公约中规定互联网服务提供者必须采取有效措施保护用户的个人隐私。上述规定，构建了以法律保护为主、行业自律为辅的个人隐私和个人信息保护模式。

In 2009, the seventh amendment to the Criminal Law defines the crime of selling, illegally obtaining and providing personal information. The PRC Tort Liability Law that took effect on July 1, 2010 clearly stipulates protection of citizens' rights to personal privacy. The self-discipline codes of the Internet industry regulates that Internet service providers shall adopt effective measures to protect users' privacy. In combination, these laws and regulations have formed a system to protect privacy and personal information with legal protection as the mainstay and industry self-discipline as the supplement.

（四）保护网络知识产权的法律

4. Legislation protecting online intellectual property rights

为应对网络对知识产权保护提出的挑战，我国修订了《著作权法》，制定了《计算机软件保护条例》、《互联网著作权行政保护办法》和《信息网络传播权保护条例》，最高人民法院出台了《关于审理涉及计算机网络著作权纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》。针对域名管理有关问题，中国有关部门相继制定了《中国互联网络域名管理办法》、《中文域名争议解决办法》、《中国互联网络域名注册实施细则》和《中国互联网络信息中心域名争议解决程序规则》等规范性文件，最高人民法院也出台了《关于审理涉及计算机网络域名民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》，这些规定为我国域名注册、管理和争议解决提供了基本的依据，有效地平衡了域名持有人与商标权等其他民事权利人之间的利益。

To tackle the challenge posed by the Internet to intellectual property rights, China has amended the Copyright Law, made the Regulations on Computers Software Protection, Measures for the Administrative Protection of Internet Copyright, Regulation on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information, and issued the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Copyright Disputes Involving Computer Networks Interpretations, offering basic legal ground for protecting online intellectual rights. Regarding the administration of domain names, China has formulated a string of regulations, such as the Administration of Internet Domain Names, Measures on the Settlement of Chinese Domain Name Disputes, Provisions on Internet Domain Name Registration, Rules for CNNIC Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy and Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Several Issues concerning the Application of Law to the Trial of Civil Dispute Cases Involving Computer Network Domain Names, offering basic legal ground for domain name registration, administration and dispute settlement, effectively balancing the interests between domain name owners and the holders of trademark right and other civil rights.

（五）网络业务市场准入的法律

5. Legislation on access to the Internet market

为规范网络业务市场的竞争秩序，适应电信业对外开放的需要，我国颁布了《电信条例》、《外商投资电信企业管理规定》、《电信终端设备进网审批管理规定》、《计算机信息网络国际联网管理暂行规定》、《中国公用计算机互联网国际联网管理办法》、《电信业务经营许可规定》，上述法律文件详细规定了接入单位的接入条件以及经营网络业务的企业的设立条件。《互联网信息服务管理办法》、《互联网视听节目服务管理规定》、《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》、《互联网文化管理暂行规定》、《互联网出版管理暂行规定》对从事新闻、出版、教育、药品和医疗器械等互联网信息服务实行前置审批制度，对非经营性互联网信息服务实行备案制度。

To regulate competitions in the Internet market and cope with the needs of opening telecommunications industry to the outside world, China has successively promulgated the Administration of Approval of Network Access License of Telecommunications Terminals, Provisional Regulations on the Management of International Networking of Computer Information Networks, Regulations on the Administration of International Networking of Public Computers, Telecommunications Regulations and Administration of Business Sites of Internet Access Services, explicitly stipulating conditions for accessing the Internet and establishing network service enterprises. Moreover, China applies categorized licensing system to Internet information services. In line with the Administration of Internet Information Services Procedures, filing system is applied to non-profit Internet information services and prior approval system is applied to services concerning news, publication, education, healthcare, medicine, medical instruments and other fields.

（六）确保未成年人上网安全的法律

6. Legislation ensuring the online safety of minors

中国有世界最大规模的网民，4.2亿网民中未成年人约占1/3，互联网对未成年人成长的影响越来越大。同时，网络淫秽色情等违法和有害信息严重危害青少年的身心健康，成为社会普遍关注的问题。为依法保护未成年人上网安全，营造有利于未成年人健康成长的网络环境，2004年最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合出台了《关于办理利用互联网、移动通讯终端、声讯台制作、复制、出版、贩卖、传播淫秽电子信息刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》，根据该司法解释，向不满十八周岁的未成年人贩卖、传播淫秽电子信息和语音信息的，依照制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪的规定从重处罚。2006年12月19日全国人大常委会对《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》进行了修订，规定了预防未成年人沉迷网络和接触有害信息的具体措施。2010年3月文化部颁布了《网络游戏管理暂行办法》，规定以未成年人为对象的网络游戏不得含有诱发未成年人违法犯罪的行为和妨害未成年人身心健康的内容。上述法律为保障网络社会的公民合法权益提供了基本依据，为维护网络信息安全、促进互联网普及和应用发挥了重要作用。除以上国家机关制定的法律外，中国政府还积极倡导行业自律。由中国互联网协会组织先后制定并发布了《中国互联网行业自律公约》、《互联网站禁止传播淫秽色情等不良信息自律规范》、《抵制恶意软件自律公约》、《博客服务自律公约》、《反网络病毒自律公约》、《中国互联网行业版权自律宣言》等一系列自律规范，促进了互联网的健康发展。并形成了以法律规范与行业自律相结合的治理模式。但我们也注意到，规范网络社会所需的法律仍处于不断探索的阶段，立法滞后于实践的现象明显存在。现行网络立法中有些规定过于笼统，特别是欠缺保障网络信息安全以及对个人信息权利进行保护的基本法，这些需要引起有关方面的重视。

To prevent illegal or harmful information, which includes pornographic or obscene information, from damaging the physical and mental health of minors, in 2004, the Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly promulgated the Interpretation of Several Issues on the Specific Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases about Producing, Reproducing, Publishing, Selling and Disseminating Pornographic Electronic Information via the Internet, Mobile Communication Terminals and Sound Message Stations, stipulating that anyone who sell or disseminate pornographic electronic information to minors under the age of 18 shall be punished severely according to the law. On December 19, 2006, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress amended the Law of the People' Republic of China on the Protection of Minors, stipulating detailed measures to prevent minors from getting obsessed with the Internet or getting in contact with harmful information. In March 2010, the Ministry of Culture issued the Interim Measures on the Administration of Online Games, ruling that online games oriented to minors shall not contain any content that may induce minors to imitate activities against public morals and laws, or contain any horrific or cruel content that may damage the physical and mental health of minors. These laws and regulations build up a cyber environment that is conducive to the healthy development of minors. The aforementioned laws and regulations provide basic legal ground for protecting the legitimate interests of citizens in cyber society and play an important role in safeguarding Internet information security and promoting advanced applications of the Internet. But we have also realized that, the international community is still continuously exploring the legislation needed in regulating the cyber society, which just emerged as a new societal pattern. Moreover, the results of legal research have failed to provide necessary theoretical support for the making of Internet law in China, and the country has yet to include Internet law in its legislative plan in the near future. Therefore, some stipulations in the present Internet law are too general; in particular, basic laws protecting cyber information security and individual rights to information is in absence.