B. 把无生命主语转化成汉语复句
英语中含无生命主语句,从语法上看常常是简单句,但却因含着一定的逻辑关系,有时还含有并列句和复合句的内容。翻译这类句子时,不能照搬原文表达形式,而要把无生命主语转换成有生命主语或是其他类型的主语,有时还要采用拆分等手段,以便把逻辑关系和时间顺序逐层表达出来。拆译前可增加一些连词(如"因为"、"所以"、"如果"、"虽然"、等),例如:
(1) The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨,人人都已躲进了室内。
(2) The sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents.我一见到这个女孩,就想起她的父母。
(3) A second term would give the President more power than was safe for republican institution. 如果总统竟然连任, 就会使总统权利太大而足以威胁共和制度的安全。
(4) This medicine will make you feel better. 吃了药你会舒服些。
C. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的状语
这种情况下,一般把主语译成时间、地点状语。某些句子的宾语如是表示某种行为和动作的名词,可译为谓语,其定语译为主语。原谓语不翻译,因实质性内容是由宾语及定语表示的。例如:
(1) As he puffed, an abrupt sound startled him.他正吸烟时,猛然听到一种意料不到的声音,不由得吃了一惊。
(2) Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.经过调查, 我们得出了上述结论
(3) The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880年这四十年中, 近一千万移民移居美国。
(4) Down met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.东方欲晓的时候, 他已走了一大段路了,这次骑马旅行是很愉快的,没有碰到意外事件。
(5) Four days passed, and the fifth day found the King of the Blind still incognito as a clumsy and useless stranger among his subjects. 四天过去了。 到了第五天,这位"盲人之王"仍被他的子民认为是个笨拙无用的外人。
D. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的外位成分
把无生命主语从原句拆出来,作为外位成分,必要时译成无主语句。有时,汉语句子的主语可用一个代词如"这"来替代。这种拆译和转换可以避免汉语的主语太长,又能使主谓靠拢,使整句结构紧凑、逻辑关系清晰。例如:
(1) Zaire defies easy classification.很难把扎伊尔列入哪个类型中。
(2) The heat makes me sweat like a pig. 热得我满头大汗。
(3) The noise made everybody upset. 闹得大家不得安宁。
(4) The small table overturning as he fell to the carpet helped bring her out of the shock. 他倒在地毯上,把小桌子撞翻,这才令她惊醒过来。
E. 引申英语谓语动词的词义,加以适当变通。例如:
(1) The courage escaped from me at the moment.那一刻我突然失去了勇气。
(2) From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, he saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and the Greeks. The past began to haunt him. 他站在窗前就能俯视那不勒斯湾。此时,他凭窗远望,看到上百处残踪遗迹,因而联想到罗马和希腊的胜衰。他开始不停地思考起古代社会来。
(3) Her name escaped me. 我记不起她的名字了。
(4) Words failed him. 他说不出话来。
(5) A smile warmed her face. 她的脸上洋溢着微笑。
(6) Warning plates with a red skull and crossbones said in three languages: Danger! 画着红色骷髅和交叉股骨的警告牌上用三种文字标出"危险"的字样。
A lot of troubles visited the poor family.
这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。
F. 运用使役句式。例如:
(1) His illness left him weak. 疾病使他虚弱。
(2) Continuous rain prevented us from taking any outdoor exercise.阴雨连绵,使我们不能做任何室外运动。
(3)The noise frightened me. 那个声音把我吓坏了。
G. 采用拟人化的句式,但不能滥用。例如:
(1) Illness deprives him of life. 疾病夺走了他的生命。
(2) Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot.良好教养能打开最佳学历所打不开的门。
(3) Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。