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18. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
【分析】多重复合句。while 引导让步状语从句，主句主干为 they also understood that，此时的 that 引导宾语从句，宾语从句中又包含省略了关系词的定语从句 they helped to create，修饰先行词 country。
【译文】尽管华盛顿和杰佛逊私下里都对奴隶制表示反感，但他们也认识到，奴隶制是他们一手缔造的国家的政治经济基础的一部分。
【点拨】distaste 意为“厌恶，不喜欢”，可与 taste 一起联想记忆。
19. The southern states would not have signed the constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
【分析】复合句。主句主干为 The southern states would not have signed the constitution；介词结构 including a clause...对作进一步解释，其中 that 引导的定语从句修饰 clause。本句中用到了虚拟语气，would not have signed 表达的是与过去事实相反的假设，介词短语 without protections for the "peculiar institution" 表达了隐含的条件，相当于if they had not had protections for the "peculiar institution"。
【译文】如果不保护他们的“特殊制度”，南方各州是不会签署联邦宪法的。“特殊制度”中有一条规定：在选举国会代表时，一个奴隶可作五分之三个公民。
【点拨】1) clause 常见是意思为“分句，从句”，本句中意为“（法律、合同等的）条款、款项”。2) for purposes of“为了...”。
【临摹】这幅图只是为了说明起见。
