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Organ transplants
器官移植
Spare the bullet
省子弹
Officials try to curb the use of organs from executed prisoners
官方喊停死囚器官移植
TRANSPLANT operations in China have long relied on organs taken from executed prisoners, a practice that has led to such abuses as the timing of executions to meet organ demand, with no notification of relatives. As by far the world's biggest user of the death penalty, China could count on an abundant—if still far from adequate—supply. But in recent years, stung by international criticism, it has been trying both to reduce executions and to end the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners without their, or their families', consent. Since January 1st the government has insisted that no such organs be used for transplants. Ensuring compliance, however, will be difficult.
中国的器官移植长时间以来都以死囚器官作为移植供体来源。什么时候需要器官就什么时候执行死刑，甚至来不及通知死囚家属。作为目前为止世界上判处死刑最多的国家，中国有大量的器官供应，尽管依然不够用。然而近年来，迫于国际谴责，中国开始减少死刑判决，同时也想结束未经过死囚家属同意的器官移植。自从今年1月1日以来，政府表示再也没有发生死囚器官移植。不过，要实现这个承诺，很难。
The number of executions is almost certainly falling, even if it remains far higher than in the rest of the world. The government does not release data, but the Dui Hua Foundation, an American NGO, reckons there were around 2,400 executions in 2013, down from 6,500 in 2007. In spite of the impact this has had on organ supply, the government still seems keen to sever the grim link between hospitals and courts that allows wealthy (or well-connected) patients to use organs from condemned prisoners. In theory, the rules mean that hospitals will be able to obtain only organs donated by volunteers to a national organ-bank.
即使中国仍然是判处死刑最多的国家，但它判处的死刑在不断减少却是不争的事实。政府虽然没有公布数据，不过美国的非政府组织对话基金估计2013年的死囚人数在2400左右，远少于2007年的6500人。抛开对器官供应的影响，政府其实想要阻断医院和法院通过允许富人或名人接受囚犯器官移植收受利益。理论上，这条规定表明从今往后医院的器官供体来源必须是中国人体器官捐献管理中心的志愿捐赠者。
The bank was set up in 2010, partly to fight corruption in the organ-allocation system by making it less haphazard. It was slow to get going: by the end of 2014 it had received only about 8,000 organs from deceased volunteer-donors (it is not clear if this includes organs from executed prisoners; there is little incentive for court officials to force death-row inmates to give assent if the organs are given to a bank rather than to somebody willing to pay). But in January and February alone nearly 1,000 were donated, thanks to the linking of more provinces to the bank's network. The head of the government's organ-donation committee, Huang Jiefu, believes the bank will receive more than 10,000 organs this year. That is about as many as the number of transplants carried out annually, but a fraction of the 300,000 needed.
这个中心成立于2010年，设立的原因之一是为了打击器官分配的腐败。不过它起步很慢：直到2014年年末只收到了大约8000例来自病患的志愿捐赠（尚不清楚是否包含死刑犯；如果器官是给捐赠中心而不是给某个愿意出钱买的人的话，那么法官强迫死刑犯捐献的动机将会消失）。不过得益于地方管理机构和捐赠中心之间建立的网络，仅仅在一月和二月就有将近1000个器官被捐赠，黄洁夫，中国人体器官捐献与移植委员会的主任委员，表示今年会受到超过10000例器官捐赠。这个数字与每年要进行的移植手术次数大致相当，不过对于300000的需求来说只是一小部分。
Persuading the public to donate remains a problem. Many Chinese adhere to a traditional belief that the body has to be kept intact to show respect for ancestors. A senior official at a provincial branch of the Red Cross Society of China, the agency responsible for the donor scheme, says that a lucrative backdoor trade in executed prisoners' organs will be hard to stop. He says hospitals, middlemen and court officials all benefit from it. They have often ignored a regulation passed in 2007 that requires consent from a deceased donor's family.
怎么劝说公众来捐赠也是个问题。许多中国人都秉持着一个传统。他们认为保有肉身完整才是对祖宗的尊重。一位来自中国地方红十字会（负责捐赠事项）的高官表示死刑犯器官的黑色利益链条很难被打破。他说，医院、中介和法院都从中获利。所以他们选择无视了2007年通过的一条法律--器官捐赠需征得病患家属同意。
The government now appears to be suggesting it will get serious about a rule issued in 2013 which threatens hospitals with cancellation of their licences if they use organs other than those from the bank. One doctor says a small number of transplants performed at his hospital last year still involved prisoners' organs from outside the network. Mr Huang of the organ-donation committee admits that much work remains to be done.
政府如今似乎表态，他们将严格执行于2013年颁布的，关于医院违规使用捐赠中心以外的器官将吊销执照的法令。不过一名医生透露去年他们医院仍然有一小部分的器官移植手术用了不在范围内的死囚器官。中国人体器官捐献与移植委员会的黄洁夫承认想要真正禁止死囚器官移植，要走的路还很长。翻译：张羽荫
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