Three Superb Pieces of Han Dynasty in Xuzhou
徐州的“汉代三绝”
自然概况
Xuzhou(in northern Jiangsu)，known as Pengcheng in ancient times，is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 4000 years.China`s six-thousand-year-long civilization also left numerous treasures to Xuzhou ，especially the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Han Dynasty，Tombs of Han Dynasty and Stone Sculptures of Han Dynasty are reputed as Xuzhou's Three China's Superb Pieces of Han Dynasty.
位于江苏省北部的徐州，旧时称作“彭城”，是一座有着4000多年历史的文化名城。同时，中国6000年的文明史也给徐州留下了无数义物迹，尤其是汉兵马俑、汉墓和汉画像石被誉为涂州的“汉代三绝”。
The Lion Hill Tomb in Xuzhou is for Liu Wu，the third Prince of Chu who lived in the early Western Han Dynasty. The terracotta warriors and horses discovered 300 meters away to the west of the Tomb represent the army forces protecting theTomb. It is believed that the Xuzhou Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Han Dynasty which was discovered in December 1984，is another significant discovery after Xi'anTerracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. As the funerary objects of Prince of Chu，more than 4 000 pieces of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been unearthed and with vivid expression and bold outline，they are of high artistic value. The Xuzhou Museum of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Han Dynasty is built on the original site of the discovery，occupying an area of 20 400 square meters. Clay figures of warriors of various forms are laid in an orderly manner inside six pits representing an underground army full of power and grandeur.
徐州狮子山楚王陵是西汉第三代楚王刘戊的陵墓，位于其西侧300米远的汉兵马俑是它的一个组成部分，象征着卫戍楚王陵的部队，两处遗址距今已有2 100余年的历史。1984年12月，在徐州东郊狮尹山西麓，发现了埋藏于地下2000多年共计4000余件的西汉彩绘兵马俑，这是我国继陕西咸阳汉兵马俑、西安秦始皇兵马俑之后的又一重大发现。徐州汉兵马俑数员多，种类齐全，姿势和服饰也有区别，造型考究，雕刻线条明快，产仁动传神，并根据不同人物的身份塑造情态这支象征着卫戍楚王陵墓的部队分布于六条俑坑，山步兵、车兵和骑兵组成。
The Tortoise Hill Tomb is on the west of the Hill in Jiulishan Economic Development Zone in Xuzhou. It is the tomb for Liu Zhu and his wife，the sixth Prince and Princess of Chu State. It is 83 meters long and 33 meters wide，covering an area of more than 700 square meters，and consists of 15 tomb chambers. Eve丫hing needed in daily life is found in the bedroom，dinning room，stable and kitchen which can still be seen in what is essentially a splendid underground palace.
徐州龟山汉墓位于徐州市九里l山经济技术开发区内的龟山西麓，为西汉第六代楚工襄王刘株(即位于公元前128年一前116年)的夫妻合葬墓。此墓为两座并列相通的墓，其中南为楚襄王刘株墓，北为其夫人墓。两墓均为横穴崖洞式，哀葬开口处于龟山西麓，成喇叭形状，有南北两墓道，墓室由人工开凿而成。每条甬道道长56米，高1.78米，宽1.06米，沿中线开凿最大偏差仅有5毫米，精确度达到了1/l0000. 南北甬道之间相距19米，夹角为20秒，误差是1/16 000。甬道地平面，内外高低相差527毫米，呈10/1 000的自然坡度，是迄今世界仁打凿精度最高的甬道.每条甬道由26块塞石分上下两层堵塞，每层13块，每块塞石重6一7吨。墓室15间，室室相通，大小配套，主次分明，墓葬东西全长83米，南北最宽处达33米。总面积达700余平方米，容积达到2 600多立方。此墓工程浩大，雕凿精细，气势雄伟，实为世界罕见，中华一绝。 汉画像石是汉代陵墓，扣独特的装饰物品，迄今为止，徐州已经发现了20余座汉代陵墓里的画像石，其中数矛村和f LI集两地的最为出名，这些汉画像石雕刻浑厚有力，画风质朴简洁，具有很高的艺术欣赏价值。
The construction of the tomb is a matter of wonder since the tomb was dug from two opposite directions and joined inside the middle of the hill. It is hard to understand how the builders at that time calculated so precisely(with the maximum deviation of 5 millimeters)without any modern equipment. Every passage of the tomb is blocked up by 26 blocks of stone，each of which is as heavy as 6 or 7 tons. Such a carefully dug and polished gigantic tomb project is a superb piece of art and a tribute to ancient Chinese craftsmen.
徐州是中国汉画像石集中分布地之一。徐州汉画像石艺术馆是收藏、陈列、研究汉画像石的专题性博物馆。该博物馆占地10000平方米，收藏珍品汉画像石500余块，由当代艺术大师李可染先生题写馆牌，于1989年10月1日建成开放。
The Stone Sculptures of Tombs of Han Dynasty are typical decorative patterns in the tombs of Han Dynasty. So far，more than 20 tombs with stone sculptures have been discovered in Xuzhou，among which Maocun and Baiji Tombs are famous.The substantial contents and sculptures make them very special.
徐州汉画像石除了其雕刻艺术精湛:雕刻技法有阴线刻、浅浮雕两种;线刻细腻真切，有阴柔之丽，浮雕浑雄苍健，有阳刚之美外，其内容也精彩丰富，真实地再现了汉代政治、经济、文化、信仰等各个方面精美的雕刻，使它在中国美术史中占有重要的位置。参观徐州汉画像石艺术馆，犹如置身于瑰丽的历史画廊之中，能给你带来知识的启迪和艺术的享受。
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