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A new study revealed toddlers are aware how others judge them by two-years-old.
一项新研究揭示，幼童两岁时就能意识到别人对自己的看法。
Previous research suggested this behavior first appears in children aged four to five years-old.
此前的研究认为，儿童要4至5岁才会首次出现这种行为。
The latest finding reveals young children are more aware of their surroundings than previously thought, scientists said.
科学家称，这一最新发现揭示，幼儿比人们之前认为的更了解周围环境。
"Our concern for reputation is something that defines us as human," said lead researcher Sara Valencia Botto from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.
首席研究员、佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的莎拉·瓦伦西亚·波托表示“对声誉的关心是人的本性。”
"We spend resources on makeup and designer brands, are terrified to talk in front of an audience and conform to many of society's standards because we are concerned with how others will evaluate us."
“我们在化妆品和设计师品牌上大把撒钱，害怕在人前讲话，遵守社会的诸多规则，都是因为我们在意别人会如何评价我们。”
"We believe our findings get us closer to comprehending when and how we become less or more sensitive to other people's evaluation, and it reinforces the idea that children are usually smarter than we might think."
“我们相信这一研究成果可以帮助揭示人们在什么时候或在什么样的情况下会对他人的评价变得不那么敏感或更敏感，同时，研究也再一次证实，儿童比我们通常认为的要更聪明。”
The team conducted four experiments involving 144 children between the ages of 14 and 24 months using a robot toy.
该团队进行了四项实验，有144名14至24个月大的孩子参与其中。
In the first experiment, the researchers demonstrated in front of a toddler how to use the buttons on a remote to operate the robot.
第一个实验中，研究人员在孩子面前展示了如何使用遥控器上的按钮来操作机器人。
They then either observed the child with a neutral expression or turned away and pretended to read a magazine. When the child was being watched, he or she displayed more inhibition and embarrassment when hitting the buttons on the remote compared to when the observer was not paying attention, the researchers said.
接来下他们要么不动声色地观察孩子，要么转身离开假装读杂志。研究人员表示，相比观察者不关注时，孩子在被注视时按下遥控器，会表现出更多的尴尬和放不开。
A second experiment added positive and negative feedback. This time, the researchers used two remotes during the demonstration to the child.
第二个实验增加了积极消极反应。这次，研究人员向孩子示范使用两个遥控器。
When using the first remote, the researcher smiled and said, 'Wow! Isn't that great?' and when using the second remote, she frowned and said, 'Uh-oh! Oops, oh no!'
当使用第一个遥控器时，研究员笑着说，“哇!那简直太棒了!” 当使用第二个遥控器时，研究人员皱着眉头说，“ 哦!太糟糕了，不!”
When it was the child's turn to hit the buttons on his or her own, the researcher would either watch the child, or ignore them and read a magazine.
当轮到孩子自己按下按钮时，研究人员要么看着孩子，要么假装读杂志不看他们。
'The children pressed the positive remote significantly more while being watched and used the negative remote more when not being watched,' Ms Botto said. 'This behaviour is like older children who behave well and do good things while others are watching and misbehave when no one is paying attention.'
波托表示：“当被人看着的时候，孩子们更倾向于有积极反应的遥控器，反之，没有人看的时候，则更多的选择有消极反应的遥控器。这种行为就像年龄大一些的孩子一样，在有人的时表现良好，没有人时则行为不端。”
The third experiment served as the control. For this, researchers gave a neutral response of, 'Oh, wow!' when demonstrating how to use the two remotes and again, alternated between observing the child and not.
第三个实验是对照实验。这次实验中，研究人员会做出一个中立的反应，当当演示如何使用两个遥控器时，他们会说，“哦，哇”，在观察和不观察孩子之间交替。
Results showed children no longer chose one remote over the other depending on the attentiveness of the scientist.
结果显示，孩子不再因为研究人员是否关注而选择一个遥控器。
'This shows us that in experiment two, the children were paying very close attention to the positive and negative reactions of the researcher before making a decision of which remote to use,' Ms Botto said.
波托说道：“这告诉我们在实验二中，孩子在决定用哪个遥控器之前，会有意识地关注研究人员的反应。”
The last experiment involved two researchers sitting side by side, using one remote. One experimenter pressed a remote, smiled and said, 'Yay! The toy moved!' while the second experimenter pressed the same remote, frowned and said, 'Yuck! The toy moved!'
最后一项实验是两名研究人员并排坐着使用一台遥控器。一位研究人员按下遥控器，笑着说：“耶!它动了!”而另一个研究人员按下遥控器，皱着眉头说，“哎，它动了。”
Once the child had the opportunity to operate the remote, the researchers alternated either watching or turning their back to the child.
结果显示，当有积极反应的研究人员看着的时候，孩子们更倾向于按下遥控器。
Across all four experiments, the researchers saw no difference in responses based on the gender of the child.
从四个实验中，研究人员没有发现性别差异对此类行为的影响。
'Our study offers strong support for the idea that very young children are much more attuned to their surroundings and others' responses than previously thought,' said study co-author Dr Philippe Rochat. 'This is an important milestone in our understanding of human social cognition and development. Further research needs to be done to examine if even younger children -- those under 14 months-- could be sensitive to the judgements of others.'
研究报告的共同作者菲利普·罗特克博士表示：“我们的研究强有力的证明了幼儿比之前研究认为的更能理解周围的环境和他人的反应，这是我们理解人类社会认知和发展的重要里程碑。我们还要研究，年龄较小的孩子（14个月以下）是否也会在意他人的想法。”
