英语翻译训练:剖析翻译中的望文生义现象

时间:2005-12-24 14:21:06  作者:alex 鍙彲鑻辫-骞磋交浜虹殑鑻辫鍚璁粌骞冲彴
n for the motion of the earth around the sun——and it remains in daily use to predict the orbits of moons and planets, comets and spacecraft.
  [误译]这个旨在预测天体运行理论,其准确性令人难以置信——以地球绕太阳运转为例,其误差仅略大于一亿分之一,并且时至今日仍然每日要用它来预测卫星和行星、慧星和航天器运行轨道。
  [分析]原文并无“仅略”含义,应删去。Better than 修饰accuracy, 意为“准确度胜于”或“比……更为准确”,即“误差小于”。
  [正译]……,其误差小于一亿分之一,……。
  3. When allowance is made for the separate auxiliary load the consumption can rise to nearly 1 Ib/SHP hour and this is generally about 20% better than the overall fuel consumption of a steam plant at cruising speed.
  [误译]当考虑分开辅机负荷时,其耗油率几乎能增加到1磅/轴马力小时,一般来说比蒸汽装置巡航总油耗大约多20%。
  [分析]此处better than 用来修饰“油耗”时必然指油耗低,而不是指油耗高。
  [正译] ……,一般来说,这是比蒸汽装置在巡航速度时总油耗约低20%。

  四、缺乏背景知识
  译者如不了解所译内容背景,也易造成望文生义。
  1. Anyone who has tugged heavy hand baggage down endless airport corridors, or waited for a deluged flight in a sterile lounge will bow how user unfriendly many airports are in design terms .
  [误译]任何人只要他曾拖着沉重随身行李,走过无止境机场走廊,或者曾在枯燥乏味休息室里等候延误班机,都会体会到许多机场在设计上对旅客多么不方便。
  [分析]此处endless 误译为“无止境”,实际上作“环状”解(circular, with the ends joined ), 一般大型国际机场,从候机室通向各跑道走廊呈环状,两头是相联接。
  [正译] ……,走过环形机场走廊,……
  2. I am/ we are carrying currency or monetary instruments over $ 10000 U.S. or foreign equivalent.
  [误译]我(我们)携带有货币或价值超过10000美元仪器或相当于10000美元外币仪器。
  [分析]原译将instruments 作“仪器”解,显然是缺乏背景知识和脱离上下文所造成失误。此处系指“证券,票据”;monetary instruments 应译“金融证券”。
  [正译]我(我们)携带超过10000美元或等值外币现金或金融证券。

  五、习惯势力影响
  习惯势力也会造成误译,如下列句中at the same time, 也许这一短语太熟悉了,因此往往习惯地译成“同时”,其实此处上下文并不存在时间上关系,而是让步关系。
  1. In most cases, …he knows that certain manufacturing processes will have to be employed .In many instances, the selection of a specific material may dictate what processing must be used .At the same time .when certain processes are used, the design may have to be modified in order for the process to be utilized effectively and economically.
  [原译]在大多数情况下,……他知道必须采用某些制造过程。在许多情况下,选择特定材料就规定了须用什么加工过程。同时在采用某些加过程时,可能要修改设计,以便有效地、经济地利用这些加工过程。
  [分析]at the same time 有两项释义“同时”和“然而”。上句中该短语并非指时间上关系,而是用这个短语引出一个需要人们注意事实。英语词典中至少有八部国外出版词典,在at the same time 条下仅列出however一项释义。据国内首届一指《英汉大词典》编写组称:至于为何有些词典只有however解,可能编篡者不收习语literal meaning 之故,笔者以为言之有理。
  [改译] ……。然而在采用某些加工过程时,……。
  2. The force of gravity and the friction of the air near the earth are working against the satellite.
  [分析]英文可说near the earth, 不能照译“地球附近”,因该词语仅指位置(location), 即直线距离(linear distance),但地球不是单一平面,而是球体。
  [正译]引力和地球附近空气阻力对卫星起阻碍作用。

  六、疏忽大意
  有些译作总体上说是高质量,但也有望文生义现象,如不属于本文上述五个方面原因,则可能是疏忽大意所致。
  1. Feedback, which one-way communication like the printed page fails to provide, makes learning easy and, in the case of motor skills, is essential.
  [误译]反馈能使学习变得方便,而象印刷品之类单向信息传递就没有反馈。在学习驾驶摩托车时,反馈更必不可少。
  [分析]in the case of“就…来说(而言),论到,提到,至于”。Motors skills 是教育学上名称,指“运动技能”,而不是指“摩托车驾驶”。
  [正译] ……就运动技能而言,反馈更必不可少。
  2. The results of that decision can now be evaluated as the first ships of the new gas turbine Navy far enough advanced to enable a comparison to be made with existing steam turbine warships.
  [误译] ……,并以英海军第一艘先进新型燃气轮机舰只与现有蒸汽轮机舰只相比来估价这个决定结果。
  [按]将first 误译为“第一艘”,将advanced误为“先进”,均系不认真严肃所致。
  [正译]现在可以来评论这一决定结果了,因为英国海军首批新燃气轮机舰只已大有进展,足以用来和现有汽轮机军舰作一比较。
  3. There is generally an advantage in being able to keep propelling machinery as far aft as a large gearbox restricts possible, but this positioning.
  [误译]一般来说,使推进装置尽可能远离舰尾是有利,但是这样布置会受到大齿轮箱限制。
  [分析]如far aft 译为“远离舰尾”,意思就完全颠倒了。此处far相当于much, considerably

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