(b)
from and including today(this date) 从今日起(包括今日)
on and from Nov. 10; 从11月10日起
on and after Nov.10; (包括11月10日)
as from Nov.10 从毁约之日起
as from the date of the breach (包括毁约之日)
up to $40 inclusive; 到40美元
up to the maximum of $40 (包括40美元)止
up to and including Nov.20 到11月20日止
(包括11月20日)
as from the 1st to the 15th of March inclusive; 从3月1日到15日
from the 1st to 15th of March both inclusive (包括1日和15日)
during the period beginning on 从3月1日起到3月30日止
March 1 and ending on March 30, 这一期间(包括头尾两天)
both dates inclusive.
(四)理解和运用商业术语
一般常用的商业用语用字简洁,意义明确,使用得好,工作进行得顺利,使用得不好,就会引起混乱,误解,甚至产生不必要的纠纷,如:
You ask very short delivery for your order.
写信的人原意是说“你们要求赶快交你们的定货。”
可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思,而是“短交”的意思,这就用错了商业术语。因此,应该说:
Your require quick(prompt) delivery of your order.
(五)合适的写作技巧或方法,以及正确运用其他的六个"C"
(1)、非英语国家的人学英语中普遍的弱点之一是不能正确地拼写(spelling)每一个英文字。拼写正确与否是一个很重要的问题。有时,一不小心,拼写错了,会误大事或出笑话。 你想买靴子,英文应该是BOOTS,要是拼写成BOATS就变成你想买船了。
怎样才能正确地拼写?最好的办法是读得仔细,注意每个字的正确拼法及字母排列。要注意
音节(syllables)
字根(roots)
前缀(prefixes)
后缀(suffixes)
有人就此写了首打油诗做了个“总结”
I before E
Except after C
Or when sounded as A
As in neighbor or weigh.
其基本意思是说除了在字母C之后或是发音是[ei ]之外,通常是I在E之前。现举例说明:
(a) ie [发音i:]
achieve, grieve, retrieve
believe, niece, shield
brief, piece, shriek
chief, pier, siege
field, pierce, thief
fiend, relieve, wield
fierce, reprieve, yield
(b) ei [发音i:]
ceiling, conceive, deceive, perceive, receive
(c) ei [发音ei]
feint, obeisance, sleigh
freight, reign, veil
inveigh, rein, weigh
neighbor, skein, weight
例外:
either, fiery, foreign, friend, heifer, height, inveigle, leisure, seize, sovereign, weird.
又如以ceed, cede,和sede结尾的动词中,只有三个普通的动词以ceed结尾,即:exceed,proceed和succeed结尾的,如:acced, concede, intercede, precede, recede.
名词的复数形式也得注意,否则也要出错。不过如何把名词的单数变成复数还是有规律的。
(a)绝大部分的名词从单数变为复数时,只要在词尾加个""就行了。如:
hat, hats; acrobat, acrobats; banana, bananas.
(b)单数名词的字尾是s, ch, x或z的复数,通常是加es, 如:mass, masses; patch, patches; tax, taxes; buzz, buzzes.
(c)以y结尾的y前是辅音字母的单数名词变复数时,把y去掉改为I再加es,如:city, cities;community, communities.
(d)以y结尾的y前是元音字母的单数名词变复数时,只要在字尾加s, 如:money, moneys.
(e)以o结尾的而o前是元音字母的单数名词,在字尾加s就变为复数,如:radio, radios.
(f)以o结尾的而o前是辅音字母的单数名词变成复数时,应加es, 如:
buffaloes, calicoes, cargoes, dominoes, echoes, embargoes, heroes, jingoes, mosquitoes, mottoes(mottos), mulattoes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, volcanoes.
但有例外如:
banjos, bolos, cantos, contraltos, dynamos, gigolos, octaves, pianos, quartos, silos, solos, sopranos, zeros.
(g)绝大多数以f结尾的名词,从单数变为复数时,把f换成v再加上es,如:half, halves, scarf, scarves(or : scarfs) ; self, selves ; sheaf, sheaves ; thief, thieves ; wolf, wolves.
但有例外如:
beliefs, chiefs, dwarfs, griefs, handkerchiefs, hoofs, mischiefs, roofs, staffs
(h)专有名词一般在字尾加s,构成复数,但以ch, s, x或z结尾的专有名词,则要加es如:
the Kellys, the six Marys, the Finleys, the Harrises, the Foxes, the Heinzes.
(i)字母,数字,记号或其他作这种用途的字的复数形式是在字尾加"s",如:three m''s; two''s; if''s and and''s.
(j)某些外来字还保留其原来的复数形式:
agendum------agenda focus----------foci
alumna-------alumnae locus----------loci
alumnus------alumni hypothesis-----hypotheses
analysis-----analy