obligations.
panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.

Services
accounting rate — In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.
commercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.
GATS — The WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services.
general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.
Initial commitments — Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.
modes of delivery — How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons.
multi-modal — Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.
national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments
accepted — voluntarily or through negotiation — by WTO members.
natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations.
offer — A country’s proposal for further liberalization.
protocols — Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.
prudence, prudential — In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises.
schedule — “Schedule of Specific Commitments” — A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.
specific commitments — S

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