词类的转换
英汉遣词造句的习惯不同,英汉互译时,原文的某些词在译文中要转换词类。比如名词转为动词或形容词,形容词转为名词或副词,动词转为名词等。词类转换是英汉互译时最常用的一种变通手法,通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式,引起句法的转换,如“近来,研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染”可译为Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts. 原文中的“发现”是动词,而译文根据上下文的需要,灵活地把动词转换成名词discoveries 。词类转换也 是避免“中式英语”(Chinese English) 或“英式汉语”(Anglicized Chinese ) 的重要手段。译者应根据上下文灵活处理,以求译文符合目的语的表达习惯。
1.名词转换为动词
The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.
由于世界普遍缺乏粮食,这就直接影响到科威特和其它荒凉的沙漠国家。
(原文里impact是名词,译成汉语转换为动词“影响”。)
The pianist gave a fine performance .
钢琴家演奏得很出色。(名词转换为动词)
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more " unnatural food".
除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食,否则将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
(在原文中sense是名词,作has的宾语,但在have the sense(of sth./to do sth.)中sense是习语的主体,故译成汉语时常可转译为动词“意识到”。)
英语中许多具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生的名词,往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的动词。例如:
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已用来探索宇宙。
He feared the withdrawal of his parents' permission.
他害怕他父母撤消已做出的许可
The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.
白人向非洲移民开始于500年前。
There was some acknowledgement that the parents had to be involved.
有人承认当事人的父母势必要牵连进去。
在汉译英时,也有把汉语名词转换成英语动词的情况:
他在剧中的精彩表演给我留下深刻的印象。
His excellent performance in the play impressed me deeply.
这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。
This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.
在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。
To them, he personified the absolute power.
2.动词转换为名词
汉语里是动词,译成英文转化为名词。
希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。
I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration .
采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.
另外,英文的动词有时也转译为汉语的名词,这类动词往往是由名词派生或转化而来。
His wife has done everything possible to mother him.
妻子竭尽全力,像母亲一样照顾他。
The new contract would expire in 5 years.
新合同的有效期为五年。