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第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate effective, and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders（入侵者）. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to “remember” the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（哺乳期）, this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must “learn” from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）. Antigens are not to be confused with allergens（过敏原）, which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first brokendown by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface? some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situation does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.
31．What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A．The immune system’s memory.
B．Immune troops eliminating intruders.
C．Bees flying around a hive.
D．A sea of microbes.
32．The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as
A．self-tolerance
B．balance
C．harmony
D．tolerance
33．How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign” or “nonself”?
A．Through an allergic response.
B．Through blood type.
C．Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
D．Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
34．Which of the following statements is true?
A．Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B．Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C．People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D．There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
35．Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A．An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
B．One of the immune system’s primary functions is the allergic response.
C．The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D．The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself
第二篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication — having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn’t remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer’s doctor didn’t agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it’s best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it’s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.
36．People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A．they’re popular.
B．they’re useful.
C．they’re cheap.
D．they’re convenient.
37．The word “detected” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
A．cured.
B．removed.
C．discovered.
D．caused.
38．The salesman retired young because
A．he disliked using mobile phones.
B．he was tired of talking on his mobile phone.
C．his employer’s doctor persuaded him to.
D．he couldn’t remember simple tasks.
39．On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies
A．deny the existence of mobile phone radiation.
B．develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation.
C．try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health.
D．hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about.
40．The writer’s purpose of writing this article is to advise people
A．to buy mobile phones.
B．to use mobile phones less often.
C．to update regular phones.
D．to stop using mobile phones.
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi-drug resistant bacteria, posing particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancel Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical（制药的）industry and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance) rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011.
41．Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because
A．new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.
B．infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people.
C．scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.
D．there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
42．The word “prudent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A．unwise
B．careful
C．wasteful
D．widespread
43．The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A．a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared.
B．some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.
C．some infections are caused by antibiotics.
D．some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms.
44．WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT
A．education on the use of antibiotics.
B．keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use.
C．control of antibiotic use.
D．introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.
45．We learn from the passage that
A．antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.
B．without WHO, no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistance.
C．WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.
D．further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi —drug resistant bacteria.
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