九地篇 NO.6:
凡为客之道,深则专,浅则散。
去国越境而师者,绝地也;
四通者,衢地也;入深者,重地也;入浅者,轻地也;背固前隘者,围地也;无所往者,死地也。
是故散地,吾将一其志;轻地,吾将使之属;争地,吾将趋其后;交地,吾将谨其守;衢地,吾将固其结;
重地吾将继其食,圮地,吾将进其途;围地,吾将塞其阙;死地,吾将示之以不活。
故兵之情:围则御,不得已则斗,过则从。
这句啥意思:
在敌国境内作战的规律是:深入敌境则军心稳固,浅入敌境则军心容易涣散。
进入敌境进行作战的称为绝地;
四通八达的地区叫做衢地;
进入敌境纵深的地区叫做重地;
进入敌境浅的地区叫做轻地;
背有险阻前有隘路的地区叫围地;
无路可走的地区就是死地。
因此,在散地,要统一军队意志;
在轻地,要使营阵紧密相连;
在争地,要迅速出兵抄到敌人的后面;
在交地,就要谨慎防守;
在衢地,就要巩固与列国的结盟;
入重地,就要保障军粮供应;
在圮地,就必须迅速通过;
陷入围地,就要堵塞缺口;
到了死地,就要显示死战的决心。
所以,士卒的心理状态是:陷入包围就会竭力抵抗,形势逼迫就会拚死战斗,身处绝境就会听从指挥。
英文这么说:
When invading hostile territory, the general principle is,that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground.
When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.
When you penetrate but a little way,it is facile ground.
When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.
When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose.
On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.
On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses.
On ground of intersecting highways,I would consolidate my alliances.
On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies.
On difficult ground,I would keep pushing on along the road.
On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat.
On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded,
to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.
单句理解:
在军事上,一般说来,深入敌国作战为“客”,在本土防御为“主”。孙子主张深入敌国腹地作战,他认为这样不仅能使士卒心智专一,听从指挥,而且还不至于被敌人击败。“为客之道”,就要寻找敌人防御的漏洞,乘机插入地方腹地攻其要害,控制地方指挥系统,变被动为主动,争取掌握战争主动权的谋略。尽量想办法钻空子,插脚进去,控制它的首脑机关或者要害部位,抓住有利时机,兼并或者控制他人
为客之道包含以下几种含义:
一、先发制人,变被动为主动。当我们处于被动或弱小的情况下,便积极采取首先发动进攻的方法来争取主动,制服对方。在军事上,一般情况都是“先发制人,后发制于人”,只有先下手,压制住对手,才能变被动为主动。
二、转攻为守,变主动为被动。为“客”的远道而来,不仅会因长途跋涉而疲劳不堪,还会因远离根据地而供应困难。而被称为“主”的一方因为以逸待劳,则“饱有余”。如果我们原来是“客”方,为了改变这种不利的局面,就要变客为主。其方法是挑动敌人来向我进攻,而我们则转攻为守。这样一来,既达到了同敌人交战的目的,又将有利的条件留给我们自己,将不利的条件转给了对方。
三、喧宾夺主,取代主任位置。就是在对方有机可乘的时候,先插进一只脚,然后慢慢地用力把对方挤出去,自己取而代之,称为其主任。
四、兼并盟军,为自己所有。一般是接着援助盟军的机会,打入盟军内部,待站稳脚跟后,再步步为营,逐渐地支配和控制盟军,最后稳步顺手把大权夺过来,这是一个循序渐进的过程。
另外在敌国富饶的地区作战,可以使军队获得充足的给养,从而为取得战争的胜利提供必要的保障。