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In what is now the south western United States
在现在美国的西南部
the Anasazi culture,
阿纳萨齐文化
ancestors of the modern Hopi Indians,
霍皮印第安人的祖先
settled down in the 4 corners region around 500BC.
在大约500bc的时候在4区交界处定居
They lived in stone and adobe pueblos,
他们住在石制或者土坯房的村落中
often across cliff faces.
通常是穿过悬崖表面
In the Pacific North West,
在西北太平洋沿岸地区
the tribes of inventively named
发现的部落被命名为
North Western culture,
西北文化
I like that,
我喜欢这个名字
North Western culture were known
西北文化以其
for their pot ledge festivals
锅架节日著称
and enjoyed plentiful supplies of food and fish.
拥有丰富的食物和鱼资源
They may have lived in villages
他们大概在公元前1000年时
as early as 1000BC.
在村落中居住
In the Eastern half of the modern United States
在现在美国的东部地区
a diverse grouping of Indian tribes lived
靠近大海的
in the heavily forested regions
茂密森林中
back from the sea
曾经居住过很多不同的印第安人部落
exhibiting equally diverse types of cultures.
他们也有多种多样的文化
As a general rule Indian cultures
一般来说，印第安文化
across the modern United States
横跨现在的美国
had a particular reverence for the earth.
对大地有着特别的敬畏
The earth not only provided them
大地不仅为他们提供了
with their livelihood
谋生之道
whether they were hunters, planters or gatherers
不管他们是猎人，农民还是采集者
but it played an important role
同时还在他们多种多样的宗教中
in their various religions
扮演了重要的角色
to judge from their surviving myths and legends.
从目前流传下来的神话传说来看
To the Indians
对于印第安人来说
the earth didn't belong to anybody in particular
大地并不属于某一个人
but to everyone in common.
而是属于所有人
This conception was of course completely
这样的观点显然和西欧人的
alien to the western European mind.
完全不同
Neighboring tribes maintain relations
相邻的部落之间
with each other much as Europeans did,
会保持联系，就像欧洲人一样
sometimes peaceful, sometimes not.
有的时候和平共处，有的时候剑拔弩张
The major difference of course
主要的不同自然是
was that the Europeans came to
欧洲人去美洲时
the America's bringing guns, horses and alcohol.
带着枪，马和酒
Segment 2D;
第四节
Wave of Exploration early arrivals.
探险热潮--早期到来者
The first Europeans known
已知最早来到
to have reached the New World were Norsemen,
新世界的是北欧人
better known to us as Vikings.
我们更熟知的名字是维京人
They were traveling west from Greenland
他们从格陵兰岛向西航行
where Eric the Red had settled around 985AD.
红头发埃里克在985年时定居在那儿
Eric's son, Leif Ericson
埃里克的儿子，莱夫埃里克森
may have reached the north east coast of
可能是在1000年左右
modern Canada around 1000AD.
到达了现在加拿大的东海岸
Far to the east,
在遥远的东方
in the North West corner of modern Russia,
现在俄罗斯的西北角
Norsemen had already been ruling
北欧人自862年起
the infant Kiev and Russ states since 862AD.
一直在统治着刚刚建立起的基辅和俄国各州
Unlike the later European arrivals to America
不同于后来的欧洲人
who intended to settle down and exploit
希望在美国定居开发
the Norse were just passing through
北欧人继承了
in the great Viking tradition,
维京人的传统
looking for a few cities to sack
只是希望能够洗劫一些城市
and some farms to pillage
和一些农场
and when they got bored they left.
然后他们厌倦之后就会离开
The Norse oral tradition includes
北欧的口头文学中包括
tales of a land called Vineland the Good
名叫好葡萄地的地方
and to this day some still believe that
直到现在还有人认为
the Norse voyagers traveled much farther south
北欧人沿大西洋向南航行的距离
along the Atlantic coast
比我们之前认为的
than was previously believed.
要远的多
The Western Europeans
来到新大陆的
that came to the New World
西欧人
were looking for very specific things.
希望获得一些特别的东西
They had heard of the gold, slaves
他们已经听说
and other material wealth to be obtained
所谓的"印度人"
in the quote unquote 'Indies'
有黄金，奴隶和别的物质财富
and each nation wanted to get there first.
所有的国家都想第一个到
They yearned for the eternal glory of
他们渴望得到将异教徒
Christianizing the heathens
转化为基督徒的永恒荣耀
and they yearned for the worldly fame
他们希望获得最早到达的
of getting there first.
世界声誉
None of these explorers suspected that
没有一位探险家想到
another land mass lay
在西欧
between Western Europe
和东亚之间
and Eastern Asia.
还存在一片大陆
The name America itself
美洲这个名字
comes from the Italian explorer
来自于意大利探险家
Amerigo Vespucci
阿梅里戈韦斯普奇
whose letters about his trip to the New World
他关于自己在新大陆旅行的信件
created widespread popular interest.
吸引了全世界的关注
On the German cartography
德国制图家
Martin Veldsimeuller's 1507 world map
马丁·费尔德思迈勒1507年绘制的世界地图中
the New World was named America
将新大陆命名为美洲
in order to honor Vespucci
来向韦斯普奇致敬
even though Martin Veldsimeuller
虽然他很快就
quickly came to regret assigning the name,
后悔这样做
the names North and South America
北美和南美这两个名字
have stuck to this very day.
直到现在还在使用
