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Now I'm going to go into a little more detail in the Liu experiment that again Dr. Wagner spoke about a fewmoments ago
下面，我要稍微细讲一下Liu实验，Wagner医生之前也提到过
because this is so central to our understanding of how cells work. That I think is worth reinforcing this point
因为这对理解细胞工作非常重要，所以我还是要再讲一下
The model that they used was the fact that
他们使用的模式系统中
macrophages when exposed to tuberculosis organism are able to produce a natural defensive protein called cathelicidin
巨噬细胞接触结核微生物时能自然产生一种防御蛋白，称为抗菌肽
And that happens when the antigen binds with the Toll-like receptor on the surface of the cell and this complex and binds with other proteins
这在抗原同细胞表面Toll样受体结合时发生，这在抗原同细胞表面Toll样受体结合时发生过程还要结合其它蛋白质
and goes into the nucleus, and then induces the formation of this natural bactericidal peptide
进入细胞核，引发合成这种自然杀菌肽
So this is the model system they chose to look at and the question they ask themselves is when we put TB bugs in the culture with macrophages
这是他们选择的模式系统，他们问自己，将结核杆菌同巨噬细胞一起培养
what genes get expressed and in what order?
什么基因会被表达？以及什么顺序？
The kind of classical question that cell biologists have been asking productively for the last ten or twentyyears
这种经典问题细胞生物学家们一直在问，最近10-20年也取得了丰富成果
So that's what they did and what gene's got expressed. They were amazed
他们也这样做了，什么基因被表达。他们很吃惊
The first 2 genes were the Cyp27B1 and VDR
头两个基因是Cyp27B1和VDR
What does that mean? Cyp27B1 is the 1 alpha hydroxylase. It's the enzyme that hydroxylate 25 hydroxy vitaminD
那两个代表什么意思呢？Cyp27B1是1α-羟化酶，是羟基化25-羟基维生素D的酶
and the VDR is the vitamin D receptor
而VDR是维生素D受体
But then they looked further and they couldn't see any other genes of interest. Where was the cathelicidin gene?
他们继续往下看但没有让人感兴趣的基因了。抗菌肽基因呢
It didn't show up
它没有出现
