【视频讲解】
Long ago, before Band–Aids, or even medicine of any kind, our ancestors evolved to heal cuts themselves.
很久以前，在绷带或者药出现以前，我们的先辈就知道逐步治疗自己。
Band–Aids 绷带治疗
Heal
1. 治愈; 痊愈
-Within six weeks the bruising had gone, but it was six months before it all healed.
6周内青瘀已经消退了，可是伤在6个月后才完全愈合。
2. 弥合
-We have begun to heal the wounds of war in our society.
我们已经开始抚平战争带给这个社会的创伤。

If you got sliced open, the body blocked it up, to prevent blood loss, water loss, infection. But as we gained that power—we sacrificed something else.
如果你开了口子，那么身体就会阻止进一步的开裂，避免血液，水分流失和感染。但是当我们获得这个能力的时候，我们也舍弃了其他的东西
Slice open 开口子
Block up 堵塞
-to block up the street
阻塞街道
Sacrifice
舍弃; 牺牲
-She made many sacrifices to get Anita a good education.
为了让安尼塔受到良好教育，她做出了很多牺牲。

"So we've evolved to heal very quickly, or as quickly as possible, at the expense of regenerating skin the way it used to be." George Cotsarelis, a skin biologist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies that newly healed skin—aka scars. “
宾州大学皮肤生物学教授George Cotsarelis专门研究新痊愈皮肤——Aka 伤疤。他说，所以我们准备发展出快速痊愈的方法，但是同时代价就是不能再生出新的皮肤！
at the expense of
以…为代价；由…支付费用 = at the cost of
-However, this comes at the expense of releasing all your personal information to parents should they (or their child) ever want to contact you.
然而，这样做的代价就是把你的信息全都留给那些父母，他们（或他们的孩子）以后可能想要联系你.
Scar
伤疤

And the feature of scars is that they don't have hair follicles, sweat glands or fat.“
这种疤的特点就是，再也不涨毛发毛囊，不长汗腺或者脂肪
In that observation lies a clue, which Cotsarelis and his team investigated in mice.
证据就在观察之中。这是又Cotsarelis和他的团队在老鼠上调查。
follicle
毛囊
Gland
腺
-the hormones secreted by our endocrine glands.
-我们的内分泌腺分泌的荷尔蒙。

They found that, when mice were injured, hair follicles sometimes regenerated at the wound site. And where hair cells appeared, fat cells did, too—the fat that sits under normal skin, as a cushion.
他们发现，老鼠受伤后，毛囊有时候能长出来。毛发细胞出现的地方，脂肪细胞也出现。脂肪一般在正常细胞之下作为一个缓冲地带
Cushion
1. 坐垫
...a velvet cushion.
…一个天鹅绒坐垫。
2. 缓冲
There is also a new steering wheel with an energy-absorbing rim to cushion the driver's head in the worst impacts.
还有新式方向盘，其边缘具有减震功能在最严重的冲击中缓冲保护司机的头部。
3. 缓解
-They said Western aid was needed to cushion the blows of vital reform.
他们说需要西方国家的援助以缓解重大变革的冲击。

"The bottom line is that the follicle has these almost magical powers where it's really normalizing the skin architecture." Meaning hair cells are good for reducing scarring.
最关键的是，毛囊有神奇的力量能让皮肤有正常的构造能力。毛发细胞对于减少伤疤很重要
bottom line
1. 最重要的因素
-The bottom line is that it's not profitable.
最重要的是这无利可图。
2. 底线
-She says $10,000 is her bottom line.
她说$10000是她的底线。
Normalize
使 (关系) 正常化; (关系) 正常化
-The two governments were close to normalizing relations.
两国政府即将使关系正常化。

In their latest work, in the journal Science, they isolated a growth factor called BMP from the hair follicles. It's a signal the follicles send to neighboring cells. They then exposed human scar cells to BMP, in a dish.
在最新的研究成功发表在《科学杂志》，他们分离出成长因子叫做BMP。 这是毛囊发给邻近细胞的信号。然后，他们将人类伤疤细胞在培养基中接触BMP因子。
Isolate
使分离出来
-We can use genetic engineering techniques to isolate the gene that is responsible.
我们可以用遗传工程技术将起作用的基因离析出来。
In a dish
在培养基中

They found that the growth factor did indeed help to reprogram the scar cells to fat cells, nudging them down a different developmental path.
他们发现，成长因子实际上帮助伤疤细胞重新发展成脂肪细胞，推动不同的发展路径
Nudge
轻推
-I nudged Stan and pointed again.
我轻推了推斯坦，又指了一下。
Nudge down
推动
-They can hardly conceive of a career that was not preplanned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
因为他们很难想象可以从事一项未经事先计划的事业，很难想象上帝之手或者机缘能把他们推到未曾预见到的人生轨道上来。

Cotsarelis says a magic scar-free ointment is probably a ways off. "It's a very complicated process and knowing the timing of when to introduce things, how to introduce them, and the delivery of the compounds is important."
Cotsarelis说，神奇消除伤疤药膏可能还有很长的路要走。非常的复杂，而且知道何时用药，如何引进他们都未知的。同时，运送化合物的方式也非常重要。
Ointment
药膏
Way off
很长的距离
-This is a long way off, but it is a laudable dream.
这还有一条很长的路要走，但它是一个值得拥抱的梦想。

But if we figure that out—we might someday be able to coax our skin to heal itself…without leaving visible evidence behind.
但是如果我们解决这些问题，未来，我们可能会哄我们的细胞自我痊愈不需要留下任何看的到的伤痕
Coax
1. 哄
-After lunch, she watched, listened and coaxed Bobby into talking about himself.
午饭后，她察言观色，哄着博比谈谈他自己。
2. 劝诱
-The officer spoke yesterday of her role in trying to coax vital information from the young victim.
该官员昨天谈起她的职责：设法劝诱那个年轻受害人提供重要信息。