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If you saw our video about becoming your parents,
如果你看过那期“我们如何变成父母的样子”的视频，
you learned how you could pick up some of your parents' habits and traits,
就会学到你获得父母一些习惯和特质的方式，
although ultimately your decisions are in your control.
尽管最终决定权掌握在你手里。
And turns out, you could get some really unhealthy things from your parents, too.
事实证明，你也可能会从父母那里学到一些相当不健康的东西。
So you know, we're going to talk about disturbing behaviors like domestic violence and child abuse.
所以你知道的，我们将要讲得家庭暴力和虐待儿童之类的暴力行为，
Just in case you'd like to avoid those things.
就是为了让你避开这些事情。
Psychologists use the phrase intergenerational transmission of violence to refer to the fact
心理学家使用“暴力代际传递”这个短语来指代这一事实，
that children who grow up with abuse are more at risk of being abusive as adults.
即那些伴随虐待长大的儿童成年后更有可能成为施虐者。
In other words, "violence begets violence."
换句话说，“暴力招致暴力”。
Psychologists have also found ways that people avoid this cycle, so it's not a definite thing.
心理学家也已找到了人们避开这个循环的方法，所以它不是件确定的事。
But we do know that growing up with violence creates risk.
但我们知道，伴随暴力的成长会产生风险。
For example, a 2010 study published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence
例如，2010年发表于《人际暴力》杂志的一项研究
followed a random sample of a thousand 7th and 8th graders until they were an average of 33 years old.
随机抽取了1000名七、八年级的学生，并跟踪调查到他们平均33岁为止。
Overall, adults who were abused as children,
总的来说，小时候被虐待的成年人，
ranging from neglect to physical or sexual violence,
这种虐待从忽视到身体或性暴力，
were almost two and a half times more likely to mistreat kids.
他们虐待孩子的可能性几乎高达2.5倍。
But it also mattered when the subjects of the study actually experienced abuse in their lives.
而且，研究对象在生活中遭受虐待的时间也很重要。
Adults who were abused as adolescents were almost five and a half times more likely to be abusive
青少年时期被虐待的成年人比没有经历过任何家庭暴力的人
than a person who hadn't experienced any violence in their home.
成为施虐者的可能性多达近5.5倍。
But the effect basically went away for people who were only abused as young children,
但是这种影响基本只适用于那些小时候被虐待的人，
when they were less than 12 years old.
他们的年龄不超过12岁。
So they seemed more likely to escape the cycle of violence.
因此，他们似乎更有可能逃离暴力循环。
It's worth mentioning that the control group, those who hadn't experienced violence as kids,
值得一提的是，那些小时候没经历过暴力的对照组，
wasn't immune to developing violent behavior, either.
也不能避免发展暴力行为。
They just didn't seem to carry that extra risk.
他们似乎没有携带额外风险。
In fact, about 10% of the people in the control group turned out to be abusive in some way,
事实上，对照组中以某种方式成为施虐者的人数约占10%，
compared to 18% of people who were abused as children,
相比之下，儿童时期受虐待的人占18%，
and 37% of people who were abused as adolescents.
青少年时期受虐待的人占37%。
Now, the risk could also change if someone was a victim of abuse, or if they just witnessed it.
现在，如果某人是被虐待的受害者，或者他们目睹了虐待事件，风险也会发生变化。
An earlier study in 1984, published in the Journal of Marriage and Family,
1984年发表在《婚姻与家庭》杂志上的一项早期研究
looked at factors that might predict violent behavior in more than 2000 adults.
调查了2000多个成年人身上可能预示暴力行为的因素。
And the researchers found that observing domestic violence between parents
研究人员发现，观察父母之间家庭暴力的人
tended to more accurately predict violent behavior than being physically abused.
比身体遭受虐待的人可能会更准确地预测暴力行为。
So why do these patterns exist?
那么，为什么会存在这些模式呢？
Probably one of the most important ways
一种最重要的方法可能
is because we learn behaviors that are modeled by our parents or caregivers, including harmful ones.
是因为我们学习行为依靠模仿父母或照顾者，包括那些有害行为。
This is called vicarious learning,
这被称为替代学习，
and was famously studied by Albert Bandura using inflatable clown toys, called Bobo dolls.
它是阿尔伯特·班杜拉的一项著名研究，她利用了叫波波娃娃的充气小丑玩具。
If kids watched adults hit and throw a Bobo doll,
如果孩子们看到大人打了一个波波娃娃并扔了它，
they were more likely to be violent to the toy too.
那么他们可能也会对玩具那么暴力。
So if kids see parents using violence to get what they want,
所以如果孩子看到父母用暴力得到他们想要的，
whether it's spanking a child or hitting a partner,
不管是体罚孩子还是打伴侣，
they might learn to deal with their conflicts with violence too.
他们也可能学会用暴力处理冲突。
But there's also a lot of variation among kids,
但是孩子之间也有很大差异，
some pick up modeled aggression more readily than others.
有些孩子比其他人更容易模仿攻击行为。
And as children grow up, they'll have other models and can learn from them, too.
随着孩子的成长，他们也会有其他榜样，也可以向他们学习。
Plus, people can make choices about how they behave,
另外，人们可以选择他们的行为方式，
so they won't necessarily resort to violence, and can break away from unhealthy patterns.
因此，他们不一定会诉诸暴力，也可以摆脱不健康的模式。
But part of the reason these patterns exist might also be genetic.
但这些模式存在的部分原因可能也是遗传。
Researchers find that people's self-reports of aggressive behaviors can be partially explained by their genes.
研究人员发现，人们对攻击性行为的自我报告部分可以用基因解释。
But genetics actually aren't that simple.
但遗传学其实没那么简单。
How much influence your genes have can depend on what your environment is like.
基因对你的影响程度取决于你所在的环境。
When it comes to psychological disorders, this is called the diathesis-stress model.
它在涉及心理障碍时被称为“素质—应激模型”。
It's the idea that even though people might carry a genetic risk for some problem,
它的想法是，尽管人们的某些问题可能携带着遗传风险，
it would take some kind of major life stress to trigger it.
但触发它需要一些重大生活压力。
Usually we think of stress coming from things like relationship drama or problems at work.
我们通常认为压力来自于戏剧性的关系或工作问题等。
But research has also found that significant stress can be caused by systemic conditions like poverty,
但研究也发现，严重压力可能是由贫困这样的系统状况造成的，
for instance, if you feel unsafe,
比如，你觉得不安全，
or if there's poor-quality housing and very few resources like stores or buses.
或者居住环境差，很少有商店或公共汽车之类的资源。
These kinds of environmental stresses have been linked to mental health issues that have a genetic component,
这些环境压力与含遗传因素的心理健康问题有关，
like clinical depression.
比如临床抑郁症。
And there's some specific evidence for the diathesis-stress model when it comes to abusive behavior.
当涉及到虐待行为时，有一些具体的证据可以证明素质-应激模型。
For example, a 2002 study published in Science looked at data from just over 1000 people
例如，2002年发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究调查了1000多人的数据，
who carried a gene that codes for an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A, or MAO-A.
他们都携带一种编码叫做单胺氧化酶A（MAO-A）的基因。
When this gene is working, the enzyme helps break down different neurotransmitters
当这个基因开始工作时，这种酶帮助它分解不同的神经递质，
like norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
比如去甲肾上腺素、血清素和多巴胺。
These chemicals are involved in a lot of brain processes,
这些化学物质参与了很多脑活动，
potentially including how stressful experiences affect long-term behavior.
可能包括有压力的经历对长期行为的影响。
A lower-activity version of the MAO-A gene, meaning less enzyme gets made,
低活性的MAO-A基因意味着酶的生成减少，
has been linked in some studies with a higher risk of displaying violent or antisocial behaviors.
在一些研究中，它与有较高水平的暴力或反社会行为风险有关。
But in this analysis, the researchers found that people with a lower-activity version of the MAO-A gene
但在这个分析中，研究人员发现，拥有低活性MAO-A基因的人
had a higher risk specifically if they had been mistreated as children.
如果儿童时期被虐待，风险更高。
People with that version of the gene who weren't mistreated had a comparatively lower risk.
携带这种基因但没受到虐待的人风险相对较低。
So the gene seems to be influenced by stress in some way.
所以这个基因似乎在某种程度上受到了压力的影响。
It's not straightforward.
但不是直接的。
But even though genetics might play a role, it doesn't mean abusive behavior is inevitable.
虽然基因可能起作用，但这并不意味着虐待行为不可避免。
An important way to break the cycle of violence is through help from professionals.
打破暴力循环的一个重要方法就是通过专业人士的帮助。
Several therapies that teach adults skills to help them interact with children
一些教授成人技能、帮助他们与儿童互动的疗法
have been shown to reduce the chance of abusive behaviors in people who are at risk of showing them.
已经被证明可以减少有风险的人群出现虐待行为的可能性。
One 2007 study published in the journal Child Abuse and Neglect
2007年发表在《儿童虐待与忽视》杂志上的一项研究
looked at people who received a treatment program focusing on interpersonal and relationship skills.
调查了接受治疗项目的人们，这个项目专注于人际关系技能。
These people had lower rates of partner violence than an at-risk control group,
这些人的伴侣暴力率低于风险控制组，
measured at a check-in 16 years after the program ended.
结果是根据项目结束16年后的登记衡量的。
So, unfortunately, abuse is a distressing example of how we can learn harmful behavior from our parents.
所以，不幸的是，虐待是我们从父母那里学到的有害行为中的一个痛苦例子。
But nothing is set in stone.
但没有什么是一成不变的。
Through more research, therapy, and more people being conscious of risks and seeking help,
通过更多的研究和治疗，更多的人意识到了风险并寻求帮助，
psychologists are working to improve lives.
心理学家也正在努力改善生活。
And, in the end, you get to choose who you are and what you do.
最后，你可以选择你是谁，以及你要做什么。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀！
If you're interested in learning more about complicated and potentially harmful relationships,
如果你有兴趣了解更多复杂潜在的有害关系，
you can check out our video about codependency.
可以看看“情感依赖症”的那期视频。
