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Space suits are one of the often-overlooked technologies that humans need to live in and explore space.
人类探索太空以及在太空生活需要多种技术，而太空服这项技术却总是受到忽视。
They allow us to take our environment with us, protecting us from extreme temperatures,
有了太空服，我们才能适应太空的环境、保护自己不受到极端温度的伤害，
bombardment by micro-meteorites, and of course the total lack of atmospheric pressure and oxygen in space.
不会微小陨石的撞击而受伤，当然也包括在没有气压和氧气的情况下生存。
They've come to be amazingly complex examples of modern engineering, as well as symbols of humanity's future.
这些都是现代工程技术里最为复杂的几个例子，也代表了人类未来的几个主要研究方向。
And as you might expect, they've evolved a lot over the past hundred years. Yes, I said A HUNDRED YEARS.
大家应该也能想到的一点是：过去的几百年间，这些也经历了巨大的演变，你没听错哦，确实已经有100年之久了。
Space suits date back to long before we ever hoped to reach the stars, back to the early days of flight itself.
在人类还未曾萌生探索太空想法的很久以前，就已经有人想研制太空服了，那时候人类才刚开始研究飞行的事儿。
As daredevil airplane pilots, and even balloonists, soared to ever-greater heights a century ago, they started to experiment with simple pressure suits.
一个世纪前，确有一些敢于尝试的人，他们驾驶飞机，甚至是乘坐热气球，飞到更高的地方，开始用简单的加压服进行试验。
Because they learned quickly that the higher you go, the less dense the air becomes. So in order to reach for the sky, and eventually the stars,
因为他们很快就意识到了一点：高度越高，空气越稀薄，所以，为了飞上蓝天乃至步入太空，
we had to devise ways to keep ourselves surrounded with the equivalent of atmospheric pressure, and provide us with breathable air.
我们必须想办法让周围环境的气压与体压一致，想办法获得可呼吸的空气。
The first attempt was patented in 1918.
首次这类尝试是在1918年。
Inventor Fred Sample's design included a helmet bolted to what was basically a pair of pressurized coveralls, with a tube leading to an air tank.
发明家佛瑞德·桑普尔设计了一个头盔，并将其与加压的连体工作服用螺栓拴在一起，工作服里设置了管子，与空气罐接通。
In the 1930s, these glorified onesies were refined and perfected by aviator Wiley Post.
上世纪30年代，飞行员威利·波斯特对这套加压服进行了改进。
Post was the first pilot to fly around the world solo, the record-holder for flying at 40,000 feet, and the discoverer of the jet stream.
波斯特全球首次进行单人飞行的人，也是4万英尺纪录的保持者，他也是首次发现高速射流的人。
He commissioned a suit made of rubberized parachute fabric with an aluminum helmet,
他设计了一种橡胶材质的伞衣布服，带有铝制头盔。
later developing this into a more complex get-up that featured several layers, including long underwear,
随后，他将这套服装改进得更为复杂：增加了层数，包括长式内衣裤，
a rubber air-pressure suit, and an outer suit made of cloth coated with latex.
橡胶材质的加压装备，还在外面加了一层用涂有乳胶的布料。
This sci-fi worthy suit was bizarre looking, but it got the job done.
虽然这种只在科幻小说里出现的服装看起来十分怪异，但能起到保护人的作用
While standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is said to be 1 atmosphere,
虽然海平面的标准大气压是1atm，
Post's suit managed to create an environment of 0.8 atmosphere, or the equivalent of one and a half kilometers above sea level.
波斯特却创造出了0.8atm的气压环境，相当于海拔1.5km的气压。
And that was fine for your run-of-the-mill death-defying barnstorming,
虽然这套服装可以保证人在非极端环境下的安全，
but by the time NASA was developing suits for the Mercury astronauts in the 1960s, they knew they had to offer A LOT more protection.
但上世纪60年代美国宇航局在为水星计划研制太空服时，他们就意识到必须要让太空服为人体提供更多的保护才行。
When Alan Shepard, one of the Mercury Seven, became the second person to travel into space,
火星计划的宇航员艾伦·谢泼德成为第二个进入太空的人，
he wore a modified version of the US Navy high-altitude pressure suit.
他当时穿的太空服是美国海军的高空加压服改进版。
It was made of some brand-new materials like the synthetic rubber-like fabric known as neoprene,
这一版采用了一些前所未有的材料，比如像橡胶一样的合成材料氯丁橡胶，
along with nylon coated with aluminum to protect against radiation.
以及涂有铝的尼龙，这样能起到防辐射的作用。
Then came the next giant leap for mankind: EVAs, or Extravehicular Activities, such as spacewalks and walking on the moon!
接下来就是人类迈出的重大一步了：舱外活动(EVA)，比如太空漫步以及月球漫步！
For this, NASA had to develop a whole new class of suits to protect astronauts from space itself.
要实现这一点，美国宇航局必须研制一种不同于以往的太空服来保护宇航员。
After all, temperatures can range from -290 degrees to 310 degrees Fahrenheit,
毕竟，太空温度从零下290华氏度至310华氏度不等；
and micrometeorites, which usually weigh less than a gram, can be traveling up to 10 km per second or 22,500 mph.
而且还有微小陨石的存在（虽然其重量不到1g，但速度却可达10km/s，也就是22500英里/小时）。
And the suits used in the Apollo missions were truly masterpieces of engineering.
而阿波罗任务里用到的太空服堪称工程史上的杰作。
Custom-made for each astronaut, they featured a water-cooled undergarment,
这套太空服是为宇航员量身定制的：经水冷式内服
followed by an inflatable layer to create air pressure around the body,
以及空气层的设置可以增加周身气压，
and an outer envelope including two layers of Teflon that provided protection from the environment.
外模中还含有两层聚四氟乙烯，可以为人体提供保护，从而不受环境伤害。
By the time the Shuttle and Space Station years came around, astronauts were spending a lot more time in space.
而等到航天飞机和空间站的时代来临时，宇航员在太空里能逗留的时间更长了。
They needed two types of suits on every mission: basic pressurized Advanced Crew Escape Suits for takeoff and re-entry,
每次做任务都需要两套服装：用于加压的标配，高级逃生系统航天服，在起飞和重返时都需要用到；
and Extravehicular Mobility Units for extravehicular fun.
舱外移动单元服，用于宇航员在舱外活动。
Not to be outdone by their predecessors, these suits contain 14 layers of material,
这套服装优于以往的点在于：有14层材料，
ranging from mylar and neoprene to urethane-coated nylon, spandex, and stainless steel.
比如聚酯薄膜、氯丁橡胶、涂有尿烷的尼龙、斯潘德克斯弹性纤维以及不锈钢。
They're still in use today! So what's the future of space couture?
这些今天依然在用哦！那么太空服的未来会是怎样的呢？
Well, today's suits allow only limited motion at built-in joints, so NASA designers say its next space suit will focus on better mobility.
当前的太空服只能允许宇航员的关节在有限范围内活动，所以美国宇航局设计师们表示，以后的太空服将专注于让宇航员更自由地移动身体。
In 2014 the space agency unveiled prototypes of a new suit it calls the Z-2.
2014年，美国宇航局发布了新一版太空服的原型，名为Z-2。
Slightly less bulky than current models, it features segmented pleats at all of the joints, as well as luminescent wiring and patches built into the exterior,
新一版会比以往的版本更大一些，在关节处设置了分段的空间，在其外部设置了冷光线路和补丁，
which may not only allow crew members to identify each other in darkness, but they also look TOTALLY BOSS.
这样宇航员们就能在一片黑暗中找到彼此，看起来非常有派头。
The Z-2 probably won't be used in any actual missions, though,
不过，Z-2不会用于当前的任务中，
NASA says it plans to use it in ground tests and simulations to help design the full, multi-layer version.
美国宇航局表示其计划在地面测试和模拟中使用这种太空服，以助力设计完整的多层版太空服。
Some other groups are dreaming up radically different designs, such as the concept of the Space Activity Suit tested at MIT.
还有一些组织也在构想极为不同的设计版式，比如麻省理工学院构想的太空活动服。
These already look like the fashion statement of the millennium,
这套服装已然有了千禧年时尚宣言的派头，
one that the next generation of space explorers will wear to nearby asteroids, Mars, and points beyond.
下一代宇航员可能穿着它去附近的小行星、火星甚至更远的地方。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!
感谢收看本期的《太空科学秀》！
And thanks to all of our Subbable subscribers who make this channel possible!
也感谢我们所有的订阅者，是你们让我们的频道充满生机！
To learn how YOU can support SciShow Space, go to Subbable.com/scishow to learn more.
要了解怎样支持我们的节目，您可以登录Subbable.com/scishow。
And if you have questions or ideas for an episode you'd like to see, you can find us on Facebook and Twitter and in the comments below,
如您对某一期节目存有疑问，可以在脸书和推特上给我们留言，也可以在节目下方给我们留言。
and if you want to keep getting smarter with us, just go to YouTube.com/SciShowSpace and subscribe!
如果您想跟我们一起了解更多的话，就订阅YouTube.com/SciShowSpace吧！
