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Most of us dig cheese. Like, really dig cheese.
我们大多数人都喜欢吃奶酪，我们真得喜欢奶酪。
Sure, it's not so great for the waistline, but… pizza, you know?
当然，这对腰围来说并不好，但是…披萨，你懂得！
But if you find yourself adding parmesan to everything,
如果你发现自己在所有食物上都加帕尔马干酪，
maybe your appreciation for curdled milk isn't just a passion, maybe it's an addiction.
那么你对凝乳的欣赏也许就不仅仅是酷爱了，而是上瘾。
No, really! Haven't you heard?
不，这是真得！你没听说过吗？
According to SCIENCE, cheese is just as addictive as crack!
《科学》杂志上说，奶酪和可卡因一样容易让人上瘾！
Cue the ominous music! Bam-buh-ba-nah!
提示一种不祥的音乐！吧吧-吧-吧-哪！
But before you trash your gruyere to go cold turkey,
但你在把格鲁耶尔干酪抹在冷火鸡上之前，
let's take a moment to examine where headlines like that come from.
我们先花点儿时间检查一下这样的标题从何而来。
They're usually sensationalized reporting on pretty tame research findings,
它们通常用耸人听闻的方式报道相当平淡的研究结果，
like that cheeses contain weak, opioid-like painkillers.
比如那些奶酪含有近似鸦片的温和止痛药。
The truth is, few things are really as addictive as cocaine.
事实上，很少有东西像可卡因那样让人上瘾。
There are three major kinds of studies that lead to scary headlines like that:
这样耸人听闻的标题源于三类主要研究：
preference tests in animals, behavioral studies of people, and brain scans.
动物的偏好测试，人类的行为研究以及脑部扫描。
One way scientists can gauge addictive potential is by dosing lab animals with the substance in question
科学家们可以通过给实验动物服用存在问题的物质来测量其潜在的上瘾程度，
and seeing if they show a preference for it later on.
并观察它们以后是否对它产生偏好。
For example, if researchers inject rats with morphine in a certain chamber,
例如，如果研究人员在特定房间给老鼠注射吗啡，
the animals are very keen to return to that chamber ... go figure.
老鼠会非常渴望回到那个房间……想想看吧。
I mean, think about it, if you always got a great present in a certain room,
我的意思是，想想看，如果你总在某个房间得到一件很棒的礼物，
you'd be pretty excited to go back, too.
你也会激动地回去。
When it comes to cheese addiction, though,
不过，当说到奶酪时，
they're not just main-veining mozzarella into the little guys.
它们不仅仅是小孩酷爱的马苏里拉奶酪。
Some people made the drug-cheese connection because cheeses contain casomorphins,
有些人将毒药和奶酪联系在一起，因为奶酪包含酪啡肽，
which studies have shown can act like super mild opioid painkillers.
研究表明，酪啡肽可以起到非常温和的类鸦片止痛药的作用。
But when researchers inject casomorphins into rats,
但当研究人员将酪啡肽注射到老鼠体内时，
they show no preference for the places where they were injected with them,
它们并没有对注射地点产生偏好，
suggesting that they don't really have addictive potential.
这表明它们没有上瘾潜力。
There's also no evidence that casomorphins make their way to the brain following cheese consumption.
同时没有证据表明奶酪被消耗之后，酪啡肽会进入大脑。
The compounds are pretty easily broken down in our stomachs.
这些化合物很容易在我们的胃里分解。
So casomorphins in your diet aren't going to leave you jonesing.
所以，饮食中所含的酪啡肽不会让你上瘾。
But that doesn't necessarily prove that cheese isn't addictive, especially since we aren't rodents.
但这并不能证明奶酪不会让人上瘾，尤其在我们不是啮齿类动物的情况下。
So, researchers can also look for addictiveness more directly by analyzing people's behaviors.
于是，研究人员也通过分析人类行为来更直接地寻找成瘾因素。
For example, they can look at whether different foods are related to addictive-like eating,
例如，他们观察不同食物是否与上瘾饮食有关，
things like having cravings, or feeling like you just can't stop yourself eating something.
后者的表现通常是渴望或情不自禁地吃某些食物。
And studies with hundreds of participants have identified
几项数百人参与的研究已经确定
cheese as one of the foods associated with these addictive-like behaviors.
奶酪是与这些上瘾行为有关的食物之一。
But cheese doesn't come out on the top of such lists, instead, it's middle of the pack:
但是奶酪并不位居榜首，相反，它处于名单的中间位置，
just 16th out of 35 in one 2015 study, for example.
例如，2015年对35种食物进行的一项研究中，它排在第16位。
That's below the likes of chocolate, ice cream, and french fries.
这比巧克力、冰淇淋和炸薯条的排行都要低。
But for some reason, when that paper came out, everyone fixated on the cheese.
但是出于某种原因，论文发表后，每个人都盯着奶酪。
Even if cheese was number 1, doctors point out that
即使奶酪排名第一，但医生指出，
addictive-like behaviors are called addictive-like, not addictions, for a reason.
这样近似上瘾的行为被称为“addictive-like”，而不是上瘾，这是有原因的。
While addictive-like eating does share some similarities with drug addictions,
虽然近似上瘾的饮食确实与毒瘾有一些相似之处，
many psychologists note the characteristics of the two only partially overlap.
但许多心理学家注意到这两个症状的特征只是部分重叠。
Drug addictions have the potential to be much more severe.
毒瘾有可能变得更加严重。
There's little evidence that we experience withdrawal symptoms from any type of food,
比如，几乎没有证据表明我们经历过任何食物的脱瘾症状，
for example, and we rarely choose eating over more interesting activities, like hanging with friends.
而且我们会选择更有趣的活动，比如和朋友一起玩，而不是吃东西。
When we talk about addiction to hard drugs like cocaine,
当我们谈到对烈性毒品如可卡因上瘾时，
we're talking things that you'd lose your house over, not just what tempts you at the buffet.
我们会说你会失去你的房子，而不仅仅是自助餐上诱惑你的食物。
We simply don't hear about people spending their last dollars on gorgonzola.
坦白地说，我们没听说人们会把最后的钱花在戈尔根朱勒干酪上。
And that's in spite of the fact that cheese does activate some of the same parts in your brain as addictive drugs.
尽管奶酪确实与成瘾毒药激活的大脑某部位相同。
It's well established that the stuff we get addicted to causes dopamine release in our brain's reward system,
我们可以确定，上瘾的东西会导致大脑奖赏系统释放多巴胺，
key areas that give us a sense of wellbeing and pleasure.
大脑奖赏系统是指给我们带来幸福愉悦感的关键区域。
That's something researchers have seen using fMRIs,
研究人员使用磁力共振影像扫描机观察它，
which estimate activation of brain regions by monitoring blood flow.
通过监测血液流动来估测大脑区域的激活程度。
And when people are shown tasty treats while undergoing an fMRI,
当人们在fMRI观察过程中看到美食盛宴时，
that same reward system which plays a large role in the formation of addiction does become active.
在成瘾形成中起重要作用的相同奖赏系统会变得活跃。
But, even though on the surface that sounds like hard evidence
尽管表面看起来这是个铁证，
that food and drug addictions are one and the same,
食物和毒药上瘾是一回事，
many scientists argue it's a bit of a red herring.
但许多科学家认为这与事实不相干。
It's no surprise that yummy stuff activates the reward circuit, that's literally what the system is there for:
美食激活奖赏回路并不奇怪，因为这就是奖赏系统的作用：
to motivate us to do things that keep up alive, like fuel our bodies.
激励我们去做那些让自己保持活力的事情，比如补充身体的能量。
Drug addiction takes advantage of that, it hijacks and artificially stimulates the reward system already in place.
毒药成瘾利用了这一点，它劫持并人为地刺激已经存在的奖赏系统。
What's more, the dopamine release in the brain from an addictive drug like cocaine
更重要的是，大脑因可卡因等上瘾毒药释放的多巴胺
can be anywhere from two to ten times higher than inherently enjoyable things, such as food.
可以比食物等天性快乐物质刺激释放的多巴胺高两到十倍。
And addictive drugs don't just activate the reward system once, they create a cycle of dependence
成瘾毒药不是一次性激活奖赏系统，它创造了一个依赖循环，
because the brain dampens its dopamine response each time,
因为大脑每次都会抑制多巴胺反应，
so more and more of the drug is needed to get the same high.
所以需要更多的毒药来达到同样的高潮。
There's no consistent evidence that this happens with food,
没有一致证据表明食物也如此，
even in people who have eating disorders that involve pathological binging.
即使是那些饮食失调的人也会有病态的暴饮暴食。
That said, there is a lively ongoing debate amongst psychologists
也就是说，心理学家们正在进行一场激烈的辩论，
as to whether obese sufferers of Binge Eating Disorder, or B.E.D,
是关于肥胖症患者是否患有暴食症（B.E.D）的。
are genetically predisposed to experience a 'drug like hit' from sugary, fatty foods.
暴食症是指他们从基因上讲，是否倾向于对高糖高脂肪食物上瘾。
But even if food addictions are a thing for that specific subset of people with that disorder,
但是即使食物上瘾对于那些患有此类疾病的特定人群来说是件大事，
that doesn't automatically make cheese or any food, "as addictive as crack" to the general population.
但也不能不假思索地认为奶酪或任何食物会让普通人像毒药一样上瘾。
That would be like saying because some people are compulsive exercisers,
这就像说，因为有些人是强迫锻炼者，
running is as addictive as heroin.
所以跑步和海洛因一样容易上瘾。
While there is some evidence that cheese is more likely than some foods to be consumed in a problematic manner,
虽然有证据表明，奶酪比某些食物更容易以有问题的方式被食用，
and it does act as a reward,
而且它确实是一种奖励，
we currently don't have any reason to believe that your favorite brie has the same addictive qualities as cocaine.
但我们目前没有理由相信，你最喜欢的布里干酪有和可卡因一样令人上瘾的品质。
So, by all means be mindful that your eating habits are driven by sensible dietary choices,
所以，务必注意，你的饮食习惯是由合理的饮食选择驱动的，
but don't mind throwing some cheese in there now and then.
但是不要介意偶尔往里面扔些奶酪。
After all, cheese isn't exactly as addictive as crack.
毕竟，奶酪并不像可卡因那样容易让人上瘾。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀！
If you want to learn more about what happens during addictions,
如果你想了解更多上瘾期间的表现，
check out our episode on the science of sugar addiction.
请查看我们那期“糖类上瘾的科学”视频。
