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Have you ever been around someone who claims to be "a bit OCD" about cleaning?
你有没有遇到过这样的人，他声称自己在清洁方面“有点儿强迫症”？
But really they're just, like, keeping a tidy kitchen or making sure their books end up on a shelf.
但实际上，他们只是保持厨房整洁，或者确保书放在了书架上。
Thanks to stereotypes or a lack of information,
由于对强迫症的刻板印象或缺乏信息，
some people think that obsessive-compulsive disorder is all about cleaning and counting.
有些人认为它就是清洁和数数。
Which, to be totally clear, it isn't.
但很明显，不是这样的。
These ideas sort of touch on OCD symptoms, but they don't paint an accurate picture.
这些想法有点儿触及强迫症的症状，但描述并不准确。
So let's dispel some of those misconceptions.
因此，让我们来消除这些误解。
The DSM-V, a constantly-evolving manual that clinical psychologists and other professionals use to diagnose disorders,
精神疾病诊断与统计手册（DSM-V）是临床心理学家和其他专业人士用来诊断疾病用得不断更新的手册，
describes OCD as consisting of, you guessed it, obsessions and compulsions.
你猜到了，它描述强迫症症状包括强迫思维和强迫行为。
Obsessions are defined as persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that can't be ignored or suppressed.
“Obsessions”被定义为不能被忽略或压制的持久思想、想象或冲动。
They're more than just intense worries.
它们不仅仅表现为强烈担忧。
Compulsions are defined as actions, such as hand washing, sorting objects or ritualistic checking,
“Compulsions”被定义为行为，例如洗手、分拣物品或仪式化的检查，
that a person feels driven to perform because of an obsession, like to soothe a fear.
人们因为强迫思维而感觉被驱使着做某事，比如缓解恐惧。
They can either take the form of extreme responses, like scrubbing your bathroom for 6 hours a day
他们要么采取极端反应，比如每天6个小时擦洗浴室，
because you think it won't be clean otherwise.
因为你认为不这样的话它不可能干净。
Or they might be things that aren't connected to realistic outcomes.
要么做与现实结果无关的事情。
Think… flicking the lights on and off eight times to make sure your cat doesn't get sick.
想想看，你8次不停地开关灯只为确保猫不会生病。
So one big misconception is that "all people with OCD have a need to clean everything."
所以强迫症的一大误解是“所有强迫症患者都需要清洗一切。”
In reality, there are a lot of different symptoms, which vary from person to person.
事实上，强迫症的症状有很多，因人而异。
Many studies have suggested there are basically four kinds of OCD symptoms.
许多研究表明，强迫症基本上有四种症状。
One is, in fact, extreme levels of cleaning.
第一种实际是极端的清洁水平。
Another is hoarding, or keeping everything from bus tickets to food packaging,
另一种症状是囤积，或者把从公共汽车门票到食品包装等所有东西都留着，
because they're loosely tied to a memory or may come in handy someday.
因为它们与某些记忆有关，或者有一天会派上用场。
A third is obsession with symmetry and order,
第三种是对对称和秩序的强迫思维，
and possibly becoming very anxious in disorganized environments, like messy workspaces.
他们可能会在混乱的环境，比如凌乱的工作区中变得非常焦虑。
And the fourth category is checking behaviors.
第四种是检查行为。
Some OCD sufferers may keep checking that they've done things
一些强迫症患者可能会一直检查他们做过的事情，
like turn off the stove, for fear of a fire breaking out, even when they've already checked 10 or more times.
比如关炉子，因为担心火灾爆发，即使他们已经检查十多次了还在检查。
Some of these symptoms may sound like things that everyone does
有些症状听起来像是每个人都喜欢做得事，
like collecting things, or making sure your door is locked.
比如收集东西或者确保锁门了。
But this brings us to a second misconception: that "everyone's a little OCD." The truth is, they're not.
但这会造成第二种误解：每个人都有点儿强迫症。事实上，这是不对的。
Many psychological disorders are extreme manifestations of behaviors or beliefs
许多心理障碍是行为或信仰的极端表现，
that most people might experience once in a while.
这些大多数人可能会偶尔经历一次。
But professionals may diagnose someone with a disorder
但专业人士诊断某些人可能患有一种障碍
when these symptoms affect their ability to function in everyday life,
是因为这些症状影响到了他们在日常生活中发挥作用的能力，
are particularly distressing to the patient, or make them a danger to themselves.
它对病人来说特别痛苦，或者对他们产生了危害。
So your friend who claims to be "a bit OCD" for rearranging their books is… not correct or funny.
所以你的朋友说自己重新整理书是因为“有点儿强迫症”，这种说法是不正确的或无趣的。
Studies looking at the structure and function of the brain
着眼于大脑结构和功能的研究
have found differences between those with OCD and the typical population.
已经发现了强迫症患者与重点人群的差异。
And right now, research is trying to nail down which differences cause which symptoms.
现在，研究人员正试图确定哪些不同导致了哪些症状。
Scientists have found that many OCD patients seem to have a problem with a system of brain regions
科学家们发现，许多强迫症患者似乎是一个大脑区域系统出了问题，
that helps regulate some of the urges we have, from aggression to needing to go to the bathroom.
这一系统有助于调节我们的一些冲动，从进攻到上厕所的冲动。
When this circuit is active, those urges come to your attention.
当该回路活跃时，这些冲动就会引起你的注意。
And the idea is that with OCD, your brain doesn't get the message that you've sated that urge.
这个观点是：有了强迫症后，你的大脑不会得到你已经满足了冲动的信息。
Like, if you went to the bathroom and washed your hands,
比如你去洗手间洗手，
it's basically like, "Have you really washed your hands? They can't be clean. Do it again." ...and so on.
它基本上就是，“你真的洗手了吗？它们不可能干净。再洗一次。”…等等。
So with a lot of mental illness, there also tends to be the feeling that someone with these conditions is alone.
因此，在精神疾病很多的情况下，人们会有这样的感觉：有这些症状的人是单个的。
And that's a third misconception: that "OCD is rare."
这就是第三个误解：“强迫症很少见。”
In 2010, researchers looked at data collected in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,
2010年，研究人员查看了“全国共病调查复制”收集的数据，
a nationally representative survey of US adults, to better understand how prevalent OCD could be.
后者是对美国成年人进行得全国代表性调查，以更好地了解强迫症的流行程度。
From the 2073 responses in a subsample they checked,
研究人员在检查的子样品的2073个回复中，
they found that around 2.3% of them met the DSM-IV criteria for lifetime OCD,
发现大约2.3%的人符合DSM-IV的终身强迫症标准，
and another 1.2% of people in the data set met the criteria for OCD lasting 12 months.
另外1.2%的人符合OCD持续12个月的标准。
And these researchers found that
这些研究人员发现，
more than a quarter of individuals in this subsample didn't meet the threshold for clinical OCD,
子样品中超过四分之一的患者没有达到临床强迫症的阈值，
but had subclinical obsessions or compulsions at some point in their lives.
但在生命的某个时刻，他们有亚临床的强迫思维或强迫行为。
Now, people who suffer from disorders like OCD are able to manage their symptoms and live normal lives.
患有障碍比如强迫症的人能够控制自己的症状并过上正常生活。
And that's the last misconception we'll talk about: that "there's no treatment."
这就是我们最后要讨论的误解：“没有治疗。”
Therapies that focus on changing behavior, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,
专注于改变行为的疗法，比如认知行为疗法，
can be an effective approach to treating OCD.
可能是治疗强迫症的有效方法。
In these sessions, therapists work with the patient
在疗程中，治疗师们与病人一起合作
to figure out what fears and anxieties might be feeding compulsions, and help them work through these fears.
找出扩大强迫思维的恐惧和焦虑，并帮助他们克服这些恐惧。
Together, they may eventually work up to not performing rituals,
总之，他们最终可能会终止做某些固定程序，
like reinforcing that nothing's going to happen to their cat if they don't flick the light switch.
比如加强即使不开开关，猫也不会有事的想法。
In many cases, behavioral therapies are combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
在很多案例中，行为疗法与羟色胺再摄取抑制剂结合，
which increase the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin that's available in the brain.
后者能增加大脑中可用神经递质血清素的数量。
Research suggests that this can help regulate the dysfunctional impulse system,
研究表明，这可以帮助调节机能失调的脉冲系统，
and reduce the severity of obsessions and compulsions.
减轻强迫思维和强迫行为的严重程度。
This has been shown to be the most effective overall approach,
它已经被证明是最有效的综合方法了，
but of course, some treatments may not work for some people.
但有些疗法对某些人来说可能无效。
More recently, scientists have been looking into a potential treatment called deep brain stimulation,
最近，科学家们一直在研究一种被称为深部脑刺激的潜在治疗方法，
particularly for people that don't see improvements from therapy or medication.
它特别针对那些没有从疗法或药物治疗中得到改善的人。
This technique uses electrical pulses, delivered through a surgically placed probe,
这项技术使用电脉冲，通过一个外科手术的探针传递电流，
to better regulate areas of the brain that aren't behaving typically.
更好地调节大脑中不正常的区域。
Kind of like a pacemaker, but for the brain.
它有点儿像心脏起搏器，却是针对大脑的。
Deep brain stimulation has been shown to be useful in other diseases, such as Parkinson's,
深部脑刺激在其他疾病，比如帕金森氏症中已经被证明是有用的，
but it's still in experimental stages for OCD, very few patients have received it so far,
但对于强迫症来说仍处于实验阶段，到目前为止，很少有病人接受它，
and scientists are still trying to figure out which areas can be stimulated to help.
而且科学家们仍在试图确定哪些区域的刺激有帮助。
So, mental illness is really complicated, and there's a lot of confusion about disorders like OCD.
所以，精神疾病真的很复杂，很多障碍比如强迫症仍有很多困惑。
But next time someone jokes that they're "a little OCD," maybe you can set them straight.
但下次有人开玩笑说他们有点儿强迫症时，你或许可以直接告诉他们事实。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych,
感谢您是本期的心理科学秀，
which wouldn't exist without support from our patrons on Patreon.
它是由Patreon赞助播出的。
If you'd like to and are able to help out, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你愿意并且能够帮我们摆脱困境，可以登录patreon.com/scishow。
And, as always, don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
和往常一样，不要忘了登录youtube.com/scishowpsych点击订阅。
