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Everybody's heard of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, the first humans to walk on the moon.
大家都对尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林有所耳闻，毕竟他们是最先登陆月球的人类。
But do you recognize the name Michael Collins? He was the command module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission.
但你们听说过迈克尔·柯林斯吗？他是阿波罗11号飞行任务驾驶舱的飞行员。
While the mission commander and the lunar module pilot went down to the surface,
在任务指挥官和登月舱的飞行员抵达月球表面后，
the command module pilots of the Apollo program stayed in orbit around the moon all alone. But why bring a third person along?
阿波罗号驾驶舱的飞行员要独自留在月球轨道上，那么，为什么要带这样的飞行员呢？
Without him Neil and Buzz could have brought back an extra Mike-sized pile of moon rocks for scientists to study.
因为如果没有迈克尔·柯林斯，那尼尔和巴兹带回地球给科学家研究的样本可能就迥然不同了。
Well, the command module pilots were basically the drummers of the Apollo rock band.
这么说吧，驾驶舱飞行员就相当于阿波罗号的驱动力。
Without their piloting skills, the missions wouldn't have succeeded.
没有他们发挥作用，任务就无法成功完成。
The three-man Apollo mission design is familiar to us now, but it wasn't the only option NASA engineers came up with in the early 1960's.
阿波罗三人行的任务现在已经家喻户晓了，但这并非上世纪60年代美国宇航局工程师们的唯一一种方案。
One strategy was called a direct descent: basically a rocket would launch from Earth,
一种方案是垂直降落，就是说，火箭从地球发射后
fly to the moon, land on it, then take off again when it was time to leave.
会飞向月球并进行着陆，然后到了起飞时间后会离开月球。
But this approach would have needed a lot of fuel and if you've seen the SpaceX attempts to land their rockets on a drone ship,
但这种方案耗费燃料较多，如果大家知道美国的太空探索技术公司在尝试将火箭着陆在无人驾驶船的情况，
you know how difficult a vertical landing can be.
你们就会知道垂直降落的难度系数非常之高。
So eventually the idea NASA settled on for the Apollo missions was called a lunar orbit rendezvous.
所以，最后，美国宇航局为阿波罗号敲定了月球轨道交会的方案。
A spacecraft called the command service module or CSM orbited the moon while a smaller ship called the lunar module or LM went down to the surface.
名为指令服务舱(CSM)的宇宙飞船会环绕月球轨道飞行，与此同时，比其体型略小的登月舱飞船(LM)会降落在月球表面。
Later the LM met up and docked with the CSM in orbit, that's the rendezvous--and together they flew back to earth.
随后，登月舱会与指令服务舱在轨道上汇合，也就是所谓的交会，再一起飞回地球。
For this mission design to work, NASA needed at least one person in each spacecraft and each of the astronauts had a specialized job to perform.
要想这个方案能成功实施，美国宇航局就在每个宇宙飞船里配备至少一个人。而且每个宇航员都有专业度极高的任务要完成。
Commanders like Neil Armstrong were in charge of the whole show and controlled the lunar module on the way down to the moon's surface.
像尼尔·阿姆斯特朗一样的指挥员是负责全局把控的，同时也要控制登月舱在着陆月球表面期间的情况。
This meant the lunar module pilots, like Buzz Aldrin, weren't actually piloting
也就是说，巴兹·奥尔德林扮演的登月舱飞行员其实
but they did relay important navigation information to the commander during the descent.
并不是起到驾驶员的作用，而是将降落过程中的重要导航信息汇报给指挥员。
Plus, someone had to stay in the orbiting CSM: the command module pilot.
此外，绕月飞行的指令服务舱里必须配备飞行员，也就是驾驶舱飞行员。
And they had their hands full the entire mission!
他们可是把控着整个飞行任务的走向哦！
Soon after launch they had to perform the transposition docking and extraction maneuver:
在火箭发射后，他们必须完成交换对接工作和抽离的动作：
they flipped the CSM around and carefully docked with the LM stored in the third stage of the Saturn V, to extract it from the rocket.
他们要将指令服务舱掉头，并在土星-5号运载火箭的第三阶段小心翼翼地完成与登月舱的对接，从火箭中抽离出来。
The command module pilot's other big job came during the rendezvous, since *they* were responsible for the final docking between the two modules.
指挥舱的飞行员在交会期间也有许多重要的任务要完成，因为他们要负责两个舱之间最后的对接。
Because of these complicated maneuvers, the most highly trained Air Force and Navy pilots in the pool of astronauts were assigned to the role,
由于操作较为复杂，所以在众多宇航员中指派了受训程度最高的空军和海军飞行员来完成这些任务，
like Mike Collins and Dick Gordon, the CMP on Apollo 12.
比如柯林斯和迪克·戈登，他们是阿波罗12号的飞行员。
In fact when the Apollo program was designed in the early 1960's, no one had ever done a rendezvous in space.
实际上，上世纪60年代初设计阿波罗项目的时候，人类史上还未实现过空间对接。
In order to get ready for the moon missions, both Collins and Gordon practiced it on Gemini X and Gemini XI, respectively,
为了让飞行员为登月任务做好准备，柯林斯和戈登在双子星座10号和11号上分别进行了演练，
by docking and undocking with an unmanned rocket called Agena in Earth's orbit.
联系的方式就是跟无人火箭阿金纳在地球轨道上进行对接和分离。
So, they were chosen for being amazing pilots,
所以，他们作为优秀的飞行员被指派执行阿波罗任务，
but these guys didn't just sit around doing nothing while their fellow crew members were on the surface of the moon.
但他们的队友在月球表面时，他们也不是无所事事地闲坐着。
NASA had these astronauts make observations or relay instructions down to the lunar surface.
美国宇航局要求他们进行观测，或者将指令发回月球表面。
Later Apollo missions were even designed with a more scientific focus, especially for the command module pilots.
随后，阿波罗任务有了科学性更强的目标，尤其是提高了驾驶舱飞行员的科学性操作。
On Apollo 14, for example, Stu Roosa took 950 pictures from orbit and found evidence of ancient volcanic activity on the far side of the Moon.
以阿波罗14号为例，斯图尔特·罗萨拍摄了950张与轨道有关的照片，还发现月球的反面有古代火山活动的证据。
But a camera couldn't always be used to document the geology because of the huge contrast between light and dark regions on the surface.
但不能总用相机来记录月球的地质情况，因为月球表面的明暗区域之间存在剧烈差距。
So starting with Apollo 15, Alfred Worden Ken Mattingly, and Ron Evans were specially trained to identify geologic features from orbit by sight.
于是，从阿波罗15号开始，阿尔弗莱德·沃尔登和罗纳德·埃万斯就受到了特别训练，用肉眼来识别轨道的地质特征。
Their descriptions gave scientists a better understanding of the craters, mountains and plains on the lunar surface,
他们的描述结果让科学家可以更好地理解月球上的火山口、山脉、平原，
so we could see how it changed over time and which features were older than others.
所以我们看到它们演变的方式以及出现的先后顺序。
Now getting to observe the moon up close isn't quite the same as setting foot on its surface,
所以现在我们知道：近距离观测月球和登陆月球并不可相提并论，
but Mike Collins has said he was pleased to have a seat on the Apollo 11 anyway, even if it's arguably wasn't the best one.
但柯林斯表示，他很高兴能参与到阿波罗11号的任务中，虽然他不是最为人所知的那一位。
And even though he might be forgotten sometimes, his legacy lives on at the very least through one iconic photograph:
不管他是否会被人们淡忘，但他留下来的财富可以通过一张照片永垂青史：
it's a shot of the lunar module just before the rendezvous with the moon and the earth in the background.
这张照片是登月舱的照片，拍摄时登月舱即将与月球和背景里的地球进行交会。
Every single player in the Apollo program and really every particle of humanity is somewhere in that image... except for one.
在这张照片里，阿波罗任务的所有飞行员以及地球上的所有人都在其中，除了一个人。
Because it's a photo only a command module pilot could take.
那就是驾驶舱里拍摄这张照片的飞行员。
Thank you for watching this episode of SciShow Space and a special thank you to all of our supporters on Patreon.
感谢收看本期的《太空科学秀》，尤其要感谢所有支持我们栏目的朋友们。
If you'd like to support more videos like this one please go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果大家想观看与本期类似的更多视频，可以登录patreon.com/scishow。
And don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishowspace and subscribe!
不要忘记订阅哦！
