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People often claim that different types of alcohol affect them in different ways.
人们经常声称不同类型的酒精会以不同的方式影响自己。
Red wine, for example, makes them sleepy. After a couple shots of tequila, they're ready to party.
例如，红酒让他们昏昏欲睡，喝了几杯龙舌兰酒后，他们准备参加派对了。
If you know a little bit about chemistry, you might be kind of skeptical about this, and for good reason.
如果你对化学有一点了解，你可能会对此持怀疑态度，这是有充分理由的。
The active ingredient in red wine and tequila is the same: it's ethanol.
红葡萄酒和龙舌兰酒中的活性成分相同：乙醇。
Which should mean that the drinks do essentially the same thing to your body and your brain.
这应该意味着酒对您的身体和大脑的作用基本相同。
But when it comes to what we feel and how we behave, it's not always just about the chemistry.
但是，当涉及到我们的感受和行为方式时，并不仅仅是化学反应。
Psychology is more complicated than that.
心理状态比这更复杂。
And some researchers think there might actually be some truth to the idea that different drinks have different effects.
一些研究人员认为，不同的酒会产生不同的影响。
It's not because of the drinks, though.
不过，这不是因为酒。
It's because of our experiences or expectations while we're drinking them.
这是因为我们喝酒时的经历或期望。
The cultural association between certain drinks and different behavioral or emotional responses is more than anecdotal—
某些酒与不同行为或情绪反应之间的文化联系不仅仅是轶事——
it's backed up by data, like in a 2017 paper published in the journal BMJ Open.
它有数据支持，就像2017年发表在英国医学期刊《BMJ Open》上的论文一样。
The study pulled data from the Global Drug Survey, an international survey that asked people,
这项研究从全球药物调查中获取数据，这是一项国际调查，
among other things, about their emotions while drinking various types of alcohol.
除其他外，调查的内容是他们喝各种酒时的情绪。
The researchers included responses from almost 30,000 people from 21 countries, all between the ages of 18 and 34,
研究人员收集了近30,000人的回复，这些人来自21个国家，年龄在18~34岁之间，
who said they drank beer, spirits, red wine, and white wine in the past year.
他们表示，自己在过去的一年里喝过啤酒、烈酒、红酒和白葡萄酒。
People were most likely to report feeling relaxed or tired while drinking red wine,
人们在喝红酒时最有可能感到放松或疲惫，
and hard liquor was most likely to elicit feelings like aggression and restlessness.
喝烈酒最有可能引起诸如侵略和不安的感觉。
And more than 40% of the respondents said liquor made them feel sexy.
超过40％的受访者表示，酒使他们感觉性感。
So there was definitely a difference— although, as the researchers noted,
所以肯定存在差异 —— 尽管如研究人员指出的那样，
all this shows is that people associate different kinds of alcohol with different emotions.
所有这些表明，人们将不同种类的酒与不同的情绪联系起来。
It doesn't mean that those alcohols are causing those emotions, and there are all kinds of possible reasons for the relationship.
这并不意味着那些酒是导致他们情绪产生的原因，影响情绪的原因可能有多种。
One might be where the drinks were consumed.
其中一个原因可能是喝酒的地方。
The survey results showed that people were more likely to drink alcohol types that made them feel energized when they were out,
调查结果显示，人们外出时更有可能喝让他们感到精力充沛的酒，
and were most likely to drink things that make them tired and relaxed when they were at home.
在家时最有可能喝让他们感到疲倦和放松的酒。
If you usually drink red wine when you're relaxing at home, then of course it's going to seem like a relaxing sort of drink.
如果你在家里放松的时候经常喝红葡萄酒，那么当然，红葡萄酒似乎是一种轻松的酒。
There's also a lot of research that shows the way that we feel after drinking depends on the environment we're in while we're drinking,
还有很多研究表明，酒后感觉取决于饮酒的环境，
or on our expectation of what alcohol does.
或者我们对酒精的预期。
For example, take a 1985 study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol, where researchers gave 98 men one of two things:
例如，以1985年发表在《酒精研究杂志》上的一项研究为例，该研究调查了98名男性：
Some drank enough vodka tonics to get their blood alcohol levels to 0.10, a little higher than the legal limit for driving in the U.S.
有些人喝了足够的伏特加酒，血液酒精含量达到0.10，略高于美国开车的法定酒精限量。
The rest had a placebo—tonic water mixed with a tiny bit of vodka, so it had the taste and smell.
其余的饮用安慰剂——通宁水和一点点伏特加酒的混合，所以它有伏特加酒的味道和气味。
The subjects in each group were either left alone, or with a bunch of other people, and the setting really mattered.
每组受试者要么单独留下，要么与其他人一起留下，并且环境确实很重要。
When they were with other people, participants who drank the real stuff tended to report feeling more drunk than they did when they were alone.
当与其他人在一起时，喝着纯伏特加酒的人往往比独自一人时感觉更醉。
Even the people who drank placebo reported more physical reactions to it when they were in a group.
当大伙一块喝酒时，即使是那些喝兑有安慰剂的人，也声称出现更多的身体反应。
Drinking alcohol alone still led to higher measures of intoxication than drinking placebo in a group, so the chemical prompt was stronger than the social one.
与群体饮用勾兑过的酒相比，一个人单独喝酒更容易喝醉，因此化学提示强于社交提示。
But the environment is a powerful thing. And so are expectations.
但环境是一个强大的东西，期望也是如此。
Associating different types of alcohol with different emotions is kind of a self-fulfilling prophecy,
将不同类型的酒精与不同的情绪联系起来是一种自我应验的预言，
because our expectations shape our reactions to most things.
因为期望决定了我们对大多数事情的反应，
We're constantly filtering what we're seeing, feeling, or hearing through our preconceived notions.
先入为主的观念不断影响我们所看到、感受到或听到的东西。
Ever eaten something you thought tasted good until you found out what was in it?
你曾经认为好吃的东西，直到你发现里面有什么，便再也不去吃。
The same type of thing can happen with alcohol, where your reaction shifts based on what you expect to feel.
酒精也是如此，你的反应会随着你的期望而改变。
In that 1985 vodka study, people who had more expectations around alcohol——
1985年的伏特加酒研究中，那些对酒精有更多期望的人——
measured by questions like "Alcohol enables me to have a better time at parties,
通过“酒精使我能够在派对上度过更美好的时光”
and Alcohol makes me feel better physically"— were more likely to report pronounced effects of alcohol
和“酒精使我感觉身体更好”等问题来测量 —— 更有可能出现明显的酒精效应，
and that was true whether they were drinking real vodka tonics or not, at least for a little while.
无论是否饮用真正的伏特加酒补品，至少在一段时间内都是如此。
And expectations around alcohol start early.
对酒精的期望很早就开始了。
Long before they start drinking, even kids in elementary school have ideas about what the effects of alcohol are going to be.
早在饮酒之前，即使是小学的孩子也知道酒精的影响。
Ads, movies, and older friends all reinforce the stereotypes behind different drinks.
广告、电影和老朋友说的话都加强了不同酒的固有印象。
Your expectations are already set when you crack open a bottle, so you're more likely to feel the way you think you're gonna feel.
打开瓶子时，你的期望已经确定，所以你更有可能感受到自己认为的感觉。
That said, if you feel like different types of drinks make you feel different things,
也就是说，如果你觉得不同类型的酒让你的感受不同，
it might not be entirely in your head.
那么它可能不完全在你的头脑中。
There is a possible physiological explanation for it,
有一个可能的生理解释，
although it has more to do with the alcohol content than the type of drink—because again, ethanol is ethanol.
虽然它与酒精含量而不是酒的种类 有关——因为酒精也是乙醇。
We know that people tend to experience the euphoric effects of alcohol as their blood alcohol content is rising,
我们知道，随着血液酒精含量的上升，人们往往会体验到酒精的欣快效应，
and feel tired or depressed as their blood alcohol content is going down.
随着血液酒精含量下降，他们感到疲倦或沮丧。
And in general, once your BAC gets above about 0.05 or 0.06, the depressant effects of alcohol start to kick in.
一般来说，一旦你的血液酒精浓度高于0.05或0.06，酒精的抑制作用开始起作用。
Hard liquor has a high alcohol level, and people often drink it quickly, as shots.
烈性酒的酒精含量较高，人们经常快速饮用。
And that can cause blood alcohol levels to rise quickly, making you feel more upbeat.
这可能会导致血液中的酒精含量迅速上升，使你感觉更加快乐。
Meanwhile, beer or wine have lower amounts of alcohol, so you're drinking them slowly over time and you might not get that euphoric rise.
与此同时，啤酒或葡萄酒的酒精含量较少，因此慢慢喝，你的欣快感可能不会上升。
But they can also keep your your BAC within the sweet spot before the bad mood hits.
但他们也可以在心情不好之前让你的血液酒精浓度保持在最佳位置。
Still, even if this is part of what's happening, it's about the alcohol content, not the type of drink.
尽管如此，即使这是发生事情的一部分，也是和酒精含量而不是酒的种类有关。
And there doesn't need to be anything going on chemically to change how you feel when you're drinking.
并且不需要任何化学反应来改变饮酒时的感觉。
It's your environment and your expectations that really matter.
重要的是环境和期望。
So, it's not just a myth.
所以，这不仅仅是一个神话。
If you're taking shots in a bar to get hyped up for a night on the town, you're probably more likely to feel ready to party.
如果你夜晚在酒吧里喝几杯，玩嗨了，你可能更愿意参加派对。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期心理科学秀！
Alcohol can affect the brain and body in all kinds of ways, but it can be hard to tell when that becomes a problem.
酒精可以通过各种方式影响大脑和身体，但很难分辨出何时成为问题。
If you'd like to learn more about when too much is ... too much, you can watch our episode about alcoholism.
如果你想了解更多关于什么时候太多的话，可以观看酒精中毒的视频节目。
