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Hi I'm Craig and this is Crash Course: Government and Politics
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》。
and today we're going to do something we try to do a lot at Crash Course, punch eagles.
今天我们要做一些我们在速成课上经常做的事情，击打鹰。
Also help you understand the news better.
也可以帮助你更好地理解新闻。
Now we're not going to explain it like Ezra Klein, well we sort of will,
我们不会像埃兹拉·克莱茵那样解释，
or break it down into graphs and charts like Nate Silver, or slow jam it like Jimmy Fallon.
或者像内特·希尔那样把它分解成图表，或者像吉米·法伦那样慢慢地将其混杂在一起。
We're not going to slow jam it, Stan?
我们不会把它慢塞的，斯坦?
Instead Bureaucrat Jimmy and I are going to give you some tools you need to better understand news stories and opinions about government and politics by describing the various types of bureaucracies that affect our lives.
相反，我和吉米将给你们一些你们需要的工具，通过描述影响我们生活的各种各样的官僚机构，来更好地理解关于政府和政治的新闻故事和观点。
Ain't that right, BJ? Yeah.
不是吗，新闻学士？是的。
There are a number of ways we can try to make sense of the vast federal bureaucracy,
我们有很多方法可以理解庞大的联邦机构，
and one of the most straightforward is to categorize the different agencies by type.
最直接的方法之一就是按类型对不同的机构进行分类。
Now labeling 'em this way doesn't actually tell us what they do but you'll see them labeled this way in books and articles so you should be familiar with the terms that political writers use.
这样标记它们并不能告诉我们它们是做什么的但是你会在书和文章中看到这样标记它们所以你应该熟悉政治作家使用的术语。
The first type of bureaucracy is the cabinet-level agency, also called the executive department.
第一类官僚机构是内阁级别的机构，也称为行政部门。
Each of the fifteen departments is usually headed by a secretary, except the Justice Department, which is run by the Attorney General.
除了司法部长掌管的司法部之外，这15个部门通常都由一名秘书领导。
You can find a list of the executive departments in any good textbook and I bet there might be a list on the internet somewhere too.
你可以在任何一本好的教科书里找到一份行政部门的名单，我敢打赌在互联网上的某个地方也可能有一份名单。
Maybe.
或许。
But the ones you hear the most about are the State Department, the Department of Defense, and the Treasury Department.
但是你听到最多的是国务院，国防部和财政部。
Others, like the Department of the Interior or Housing and Urban Development you usually only hear about when there's a new secretary, or a scandal.
其他部门，如内政部或住房和城市发展部，你通常只在新秘书上任或丑闻时才会听到。
Executive departments mostly provide services through sub-agencies.
执行部门主要通过子机构提供服务。
For example the FBI is technically part of the Department of Justice and the FDA is part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
例如，从技术上讲，联邦调查局是司法部的一部分，而食品及药物管理局是卫生和公众服务部的一部分。
There are also independent agencies that are very similar to executive departments because their heads require Senate confirmation.
还有一些独立机构与行政部门非常相似，因为其负责人需要得到参议院的批准。
Well their whole body requires -- their -- I'm talking about the head like they're the boss -- the head of the agency.
他们的整个机构都需要——他们的——我说的是头，就好像他们是老板——机构的头。
The best example here is the CIA: Central Intelligence Agency, but NASA is another independent agency.
最好的例子是中央情报局，但美国国家航空和宇宙航行局是另一个独立机构。
Next we have the independent regulatory commissions which are supposed to be further removed from presidential oversight, which makes them independent.
其次，我们有独立的监管委员会，这些委员会应该进一步脱离总统的监督，这使得它们独立。
You can recognize them because they're usually called commissions, like the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.
你可以认出他们，因为他们通常被称为委员会，像联邦通信委员会，联邦贸易委员会，和证券交易委员会。
They all have rule-making authority and the power to punish violations of the rules, often through fines.
他们都有制定规则的权力和惩罚违反规则行为的权力，通常是通过罚款。
If you pay attention to stories about banking, especially banking malfeasance, you'll find plenty of stories about SEC fines.
如果你关注有关银行业的报道，尤其是银行业渎职的报道，你会发现大量有关美国证券交易委员会罚款的报道。
Last, and pretty much least, frankly, are the government corporations that are supposed to make profits but in fact tend to rely on government subsidies to stay afloat.
最后，坦率地说，也是最不重要的，是那些本应盈利，但实际上往往依赖政府补贴维持运营的政府企业。
The U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak are the best known, and for most Americans these are the agencies with which we have the most contact, especially the post office.
美国邮政服务和美国铁路公司是最著名的，对大多数美国人来说，这些机构是我们联系最多的，尤其是邮局。
A more useful way to think about bureaucracies is in terms of what they actually do, their functions.
思考官僚机构的一个更有用的方式是看他们实际做了什么，他们的职能。
Although the problem here is that many bureaucracies have more than one function.
虽然这里的问题是许多官僚机构有不止一个功能。
Maybe the Thought Bubble can help us out.
也许思想泡泡可以帮助我们走出困境。
Thought Bubble!
思想泡泡！
Let's do this!
让我们开始吧！
Some bureaucracies primarily serve clients.
有些官僚机构主要为客户服务。
Many of the sub-agencies of the cabinet departments fit this bill, with the most obvious being the Food and Drug Administration, which serves the public by testing and approving new drugs;
内阁部门的许多下属机构都符合这一法案，其中最明显的是食品和药物管理局，它通过测试和批准新药来为公众服务;
the Centers for Disease Control, which tries to do exactly what the name expects;
美国疾病控制中心正努力做到这个名字所期望的;
and the National Institutes of Health, which, among other things, sponsors research that improves citizens health.
美国国立卫生研究院赞助了改善公民健康的研究。
All of these agencies are under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.
所有这些机构都受卫生和公共服务部的支持。
Another good example of a client-serving agency is the Department of Agriculture,
另一个客户服务机构的好例子是农业部，
which in addition to rating meat administers the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which is the snappy new name for food stamps.
除了对肉类进行评级外，该机构还管理着“补充营养援助计划”(补充性营养援助计划)，这是食品券的一个时髦的新名称。
A second function that many agencies perform is to maintain the Union.
许多机构的第二个职能是维护工会。
One way agencies maintain the Union is by collection revenue, because without money the county doesn't function.
各机构维持工会的一种方式是通过征收税收，因为没有钱，这个县就无法运转。
The main agency in charge of collecting revenue is the IRS.
负责征收税收的主要机构是美国国税局。
A second form of maintaining the union is providing security for its citizens.
维护欧盟的第二种形式是为其公民提供安全保障。
The Department of Justice, which prosecutes federal crimes and protects civil rights, and the Department of Homeland Security, which, among other things, is in charge of airport security, are the main agencies that ensure internal security.
负责起诉联邦犯罪和保护公民权利的司法部和负责机场安全的国土安全部是确保国内安全的主要机构。
Bureaucracies also keep Americans safe from external threats.
官僚机构也保护美国人免受外部威胁。
This is the job of various intelligence services like the CIA and NSA, and especially the Department of Defense.
这是各种情报机构的工作，如中央情报局和国家安全局，特别是国防部。
A third function of bureaucracies is to regulate economic activity, primarily by creating and enforcing rules and regulations.
官僚机构的第三个职能是管理经济活动，主要是制定和执行规章制度。
Some of the agencies primarily charged with enforcing regulations are housed within executive departments, like OSHA, within the Department of Labor.
一些主要负责执行法规的机构设在行政部门内，如职业安全与卫生事务局和劳工部。
Others like the FCC and SEC are independent.
其他机构，如FCC和SEC是独立的。
The fourth major function of bureaucracies is closely related to regulating economic activity.
官僚机构的第四项主要职能与调节经济活动密切相关。
Some bureaucracies have the primary function of redistributing economic resources.
一些官僚机构具有重新分配经济资源的主要职能。
Agencies concerned with fiscal and monetary policy handle the inflow and outflow of money in the economy through taxes, spending and interest rates.
与财政和货币政策有关的机构通过税收、支出和利率来处理经济中资金的流入和流出。
Providing direct aid to the poor or welfare is another function of bureaucracies that is even more complex and controversial.
向穷人或福利提供直接援助是官僚机构的另一项职能，这种职能更为复杂，也更具争议。
Most of these agencies, like the Social Security Administration provide direct services so we can see the overlap between the function of agencies.
大多数机构，比如社会保障局，提供直接服务，所以我们可以看到机构之间的职能重叠。
Thanks Thought Bubble.
谢谢思想泡泡。
I've been suggesting that even though they aren't mentioned in the Constitution, bureaucracies are pretty powerful, so I should probably explain where that power comes from.
我一直在说，尽管宪法中没有提到官僚机构，但它们是相当强大的，所以我可能应该解释一下这种权力从何而来。
Basically, Thor's hammer.
基本上都是从雷神索尔的锤子上来的。
Actually no, it doesn't come from that at all.
事实上，它根本不是来自那个。
It comes from Congress, which, as we've seen, delegates power to executive agencies in varying degrees.
它来自国会，正如我们所看到的，国会在不同程度上把权力委托给行政机构。
But once the agencies exist they create powers for themselves by maximizing their budgets.
但一旦这些机构存在，它们就会通过最大化预算为自己创造权力。
Bureaucracies lobby for their own interests and the bigger and more important they are the more money they get from Congress.
官僚机构为他们自己的利益游说，他们从国会得到的钱越多，他们的规模越大，越重要。
We tend to think that the nation defense is important, so the Department of Defense is able to convince Congress to give it lots of money.
我们倾向于认为国防是重要的，所以国防部能够说服国会给它很多钱。
Although mo' money can lead to mo' problems as Biggie helpfully reminded us.
尽管正如大亨提醒我们的那样，金钱会导致问题。
Money is also probably the most important lever of power in the U.S.
在美国，金钱可能也是最重要的权力杠杆
In addition to getting money for themselves, another source of bureaucratic power is the expertise of bureaucrats themselves.
除了为自己赚钱，官僚权力的另一个来源是官僚们自己的专业知识。
The President, and especially Congress, will often rely on bureaucratic experts to tell them how a policy will be implemented.
总统，尤其是国会，通常会依靠官僚专家来告诉他们政策将如何实施。
The source of their power is the expert's command of useful information.
他们的力量来源于专家对有用信息的掌握。
You shouldn't underestimate this, as any number of technology companies will tell you.
正如任何一家科技公司都会告诉你的那样，你不应该低估这一点。
So those are two ways of thinking about bureaucracies.
这是两种思考官僚机构的方式。
I hope that they're helpful and at least when you hear about the FCC issuing a fine for Janet Jackson's “wardrobe malfunction”;
我希望它们能有所帮助，至少当你听说美国联邦通信委员会对珍妮特·杰克逊的“服装故障”开出罚单时是这样;
or something, you'll understand who's doing the punishing.
或者别的什么，你会明白是谁在惩罚你。
And when you read about Congress cutting SNAP funding you'll be like “Oh snap! That's tied up with the farm bill!”
当你读到国会削减紧急拨款时，你会说:“哦，紧急!那跟农场的帐单有关系!”
Thanks for watching.
感谢收看。
I'll see you next episode.
下一集见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal.
美国政府对速成课程的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持利用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course was made with the help of all these wardrobe malfunctions.
《速成班》就是在这些服装故障的帮助下完成的。
Thanks for watching.
感谢收看。
