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Hi, I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course Government and Politics,
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》。
and today we're finally, at long last, moving on from the structures and branches of government and onto the structures and branches of trees.
今天，我们终于从政府的结构和分支，转移到树木的结构和分支。
This is a nature show now.
这是一场自然秀。
Okay, we're not moving on completely, because we're still talking about courts,
好吧，我们还没有完全讲完，因为我们还在讨论法院，
but today we'll be discussing actual court decisions, and the kind of things that courts rule on, rather than how they do it.
但是今天我们将讨论实际的法院判决，以及法院裁决的事情，而不是法院是如何裁决的。
That's right, we're moving onto civil rights and civil liberties.
没错，我们现在讲的是公民权利和公民自由。
Okay, first I want to talk about something that I find confusing: the difference between civil rights and civil liberties.
好的，首先我想谈谈我感到困惑的事情:公民权利和公民自由之间的区别。
Usually in America, we use the terms interchangeably, which adds to the confusion,
通常在美国，我们会交替使用这两个术语，这就增加了混淆，
but lawyers and political scientists draw a distinction, so you should know about it.
但是律师和政治学家会做出区分，所以你应该知道这一点。
Then you can go back to calling civil liberties “rights” and civil rights “liberties” and most people won't care.
然后你可以继续称公民自由为“权利”和公民权利 “自由”，大多数人不会在意。
But I'll care.
但是我在意。
I'll be disappointed in you.
我会对你失望的。
So civil liberties are limitations placed on the government.
所以公民自由是对政府的限制。
Basically, they are things the government can't do that might interfere with your personal freedom.
基本上，这些事情政府不能做，可能会干扰你的个人自由。
Civil rights are curbs on the power of majorities to make decisions that would benefit some at the expense of others.
公民权利是对多数人作出决定的权力的限制，这些决定将使一些人受益，而损害另一些人的利益。
Basically, civil rights are guarantees of equal citizenship, and they mean that citizens are protected from discrimination by majorities.
从根本上说，公民权利是公民平等的保障，意味着公民不受多数人的歧视。
Take, for example, same sex marriage.
以同性婚姻为例。
You could think of it as a liberty, except that not everyone is free to marry at any given time.
你可以把它看作是一种自由，只是不是每个人都有在任何时候结婚的自由。
Six year olds can't get married, and you can't marry your sibling.
6岁的孩子不能结婚，你也不能和你的兄弟姐妹结婚。
But same sex marriage is a civil rights issue because in the states that don't allow it, the majority of voters is denying something to a minority, creating inequality in the way that the laws work.
但同性婚姻是一个民权问题，因为在那些不允许同性婚姻的州，大多数选民在否定少数人的某些东西，在法律运作的方式上造成了不平等。
Now, just to make things more confusing, lawyers often talk about the difference between substantive and procedural liberties, but they usually call them rights instead of liberties.
更让人困惑的是，律师经常谈论实质性自由和程序性自由之间的区别，但他们通常称之为权利而不是自由。
That's a lawyer eagle.
那是个律师鹰。
A legal eagle.
一个合法的鹰。
Substantive liberties are limits on what the government can do.
实质性的自由是对政府能力的限制。
For example, the first amendment says that congress shall make no law establishing religion.
例如，第一修正案规定国会不得制定任何确立宗教的法律。
So this means that they cannot create a national church or declare that Christianity or Islam or Hinduism is the official religion of the US.
这意味着他们不能建立一个国家教会，不能宣布基督教、伊斯兰教或印度教是美国的官方宗教。
Procedural liberties are limits on how the government can act.
程序自由是政府如何行动的限制。
For example, in America in courtroom dramas, there is a presumption that someone is innocent until proven guilty.
例如，在美国的法庭剧中，有一种假设，认为某人在被证明有罪之前是无罪的。
This presumption means that in criminal cases, juries and judges have to act as though the accused is innocent until the prosecution convinces them otherwise.
这种推定意味着在刑事案件中，陪审团和法官必须表现得好像被告是无辜的，直到控方使他们信服。
If they are not convinced, the accused person doesn't go to prison.
如果他们不相信，被告就不会进监狱。
So now that we understand the difference between civil rights and civil liberties perfectly because of my amazing explanation,
现在我们已经很好地理解了公民权利和公民自由之间的区别因为我的解释很神奇，
let's focus on liberties and try to figure out what they are and where they come from, with some help from Thought Bubble.
让我们把重点放在自由上，试着找出它们是什么，它们从哪里来，我们还要借助思想泡泡的帮助。
So civil liberties are contained in the incredibly unhelpfully named “Bill of Rights” which isn't even called that in the Constitution.
因此，公民自由包含在名字难以置信的毫无用处的《权利法案》中，宪法中甚至没有这么说。
It's just a name that we give to the first 10 amendments.
这只是我们给前10个修正案起的名字。
The 9th amendment is included to remind us that the list of liberties and/or rights in the other amendments isn't exhaustive.
第九修正案是为了提醒我们，其他修正案中所列的自由和/或权利并不是详尽无遗的。
There might be other rights out there, but the constitution doesn't specifically say what they are.
也许还有其他的权利，但是宪法并没有明确规定它们是什么。
Thanks constitution.
感谢宪法。
In some cases, it's pretty clear.
在某些情况下，这是非常清楚的。
The first amendment, for example, says that “congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion,
例如，第一修正案规定:“国会不得制定任何法律尊重宗教的建立，
or abridging the free exercise thereof,
或限制宗教的自由行使，
or abridging the freedom of speech
或限制言论或新闻集会的自由，
or of the press to assemble or to infringe the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.” Pretty straight forward.
或限制为纠正冤屈而提出申诉的权利。”很直接。
But other cases are not so clear.
但其他例子就不那么清楚了。
The second amendment says “the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed,”
第二修正案说:“持有和携带武器的权利不受侵犯。”
but it doesn't say by whom.
但是没有说是谁干的。
Same thing with the 5th amendment guarantees against self incrimination.
第五修正案也同样保证不自证其罪。
Could congress force you to incriminate yourself?
国会能强迫你自首吗?
How would they do that?
他们会怎么做呢?
And the 8th amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishments,
宪法第八修正案禁止残忍和不寻常的惩罚，
like presumably shock pens, but it doesn't say who is forbidden from cruelly and unusually punishing.
比如电击笔，但并没有说禁止谁残酷和不寻常的惩罚。
My mom wasn't forbidden from keeping me from playing video games.
我妈妈并没有禁止我玩电子游戏。
As usual, we might expect the Supreme Court to sort out this mess, but initially they were no help at all.
像往常一样，我们可能会期待最高法院来解决这个烂摊子，但一开始根本没有任何帮助。
In a case that you've probably never heard of, called Barron vs. Baltimore, decided in 1833,
你可能从未听说过，1833年“巴伦诉巴尔的摩案”，
the court said that the Bill of Rights applied to the national, meaning federal government, not to the states.
法院认为《权利法案》适用于国家，也就是联邦政府，而不是各州。
They said that every American has dual citizenship, but not the good kind.
他们说每个美国人都有双重国籍，但不是善良的那种。
They meant you are a citizen of the US and of the state in which you reside,
他们的意思是你是美国的公民和你居住的州的公民，
and basically that the constitution only protected you from the federal government.
基本上宪法只保护你不受联邦政府的侵犯。
In other words, if the state of Indiana wanted to punish me cruelly or unusually, they could.
换句话说，如果印第安纳州想要残酷或不同寻常地惩罚我，他们可以做到。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢思想泡泡。
So Barron vs. Baltimore left Americans in a bit of a civil liberties pickle, and not the good kind of pickle.
所以巴伦诉巴尔的摩案让美国人陷入了公民自由的困境，这并不是好的困境。
They were protected from the national government doing terrible things,
他们受到国家政府的保护，不让他们做一些可怕的事情，
like quartering troops in their homes, but not from the state doing the same thing.
比如把军队驻扎在自己的家里，但是他们没有受到国家的保护，不让他们做同样的事情。
And since the state was close to home and the national government was far away
因为这个州离我们很近，而国家政府离我们很远，
and, compared with today, tiny and weak, these protections were pretty weaksauce, so what happened to change this?
而且，与今天相比，这些保护措施又小又弱，这些保护措施很弱，那么到底发生了什么改变了这一点呢?
I hope something, because I like a zesty government sauce.
我希望是这样，因为我喜欢有味道的政府调味汁。
The 14th amendment “the Supreme Court” happened.
第十四条修正案最高法院成立了。
After the Civil War, as part of the reconstruction, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were added to the constitution.
内战结束后，作为重建的一部分，第13、14和15条修正案被添加到宪法中。
Of these, the 14th is the most important, probably the most important of all amendments.
在这些修正案中，第14条是最重要的，可能是所有修正案中最重要的。
What does it say?
上面写了什么？
Well the first section, which is the one that really matters, and I'm not going to read the whole thing okay?
第一部分，也就是最重要的部分，我就不读了?
It reads “all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.
它是这样写的:“所有在美国出生或归化并受其管辖的人，都是美国及其所居住州的公民。”
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.
任何州不得制定或执行任何削弱合众国公民的特权或豁免的法律。
Nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
未经正当法律程序，任何国家不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产;
nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
也不否认在其管辖范围内的任何人受到法律的平等保护。
What this means is that the federal government's like:
这意味着联邦政府就像:
“Listen states, you can't be dumb.
听着，国家，你不能犯傻。
Just stop it.
就这样停止吧。
Okay?
好吗？
We're all in this together. Alright?”
我们都在一起。好吗？”
It means states can't deny equal protection, civil rights, or due process, which in this case encompasses civil liberties.
这意味着国家不能拒绝平等保护、公民权利或正当程序，在这种情况下包括公民自由。
This in theory makes it impossible for states to infringe upon the liberties and the Bill of Rights.
这在理论上使国家不可能侵犯自由和权利法案。
But the legal system being what it is, it's not quite that simple.
但是法律体系本身并没有那么简单。
Did you think it'd be simple?
你觉得会很简单吗?
The Supreme Court could have just ruled that all the rights and liberties in the Bill of Rights applied to the states,
最高法院本可以裁定《权利法案》中所有的权利和自由都适用于各州，
which seems to be what the 14th amendment implies, but they didn't.
这似乎是第十四条修正案所暗示的，但事实并非如此。
Instead they ruled that each of the rights or liberties had to be incorporated against the states on a case-by-case basis.
相反，他们规定每一项权利或自由都必须在个案的基础上针对各州。
This is a concept called selective incorporation, and it supposedly reserves more power to the states.
这是一个被称为选择性合并的概念，它被认为保留了更多的权力给各州。
What it really means is that when people felt that the states were violating their liberties, they had to go to the Supreme Court,
它真正的意思是，当人们感到各州侵犯了他们的自由时，他们必须去最高法院，
which by now has incorporated almost every clause in the Bill of Rights against the states.
到目前为止，最高法院已经将几乎所有针对各州的条款都纳入了《权利法案》中。
You want examples?
你想看一些例子吗？
We've got them.
我们有例子。
In the famous case of Gitlow vs. New York, the court ruled that the first amendment protection of the freedom of speech could not be violated by a state.
在著名的吉特洛诉纽约案中，法院裁定，第一修正案对言论自由的保护不能被一个州侵犯。
In this case, it was New York, but once a liberty is incorporated against one state, it's incorporated against all of them.
在这种情况下，它是纽约，但是一旦自由被纳入反对一个州，它就被纳入反对所有州。
In Mapp vs. Ohio, the court ruled that states couldn't use evidence gathered from warrantless searches.
在Mapp诉俄亥俄州案中，法院裁定各州不得使用未经授权的搜查收集的证据。
In Benton vs. Maryland, the right against Double Jeopardy, being tried for the same crime twice, was incorporated against the states.
在本顿诉马里兰州案中，反对双重危险的权利被并入了对各州的诉讼中。
By now, almost all the rights and liberties mentioned in the first ten Amendments have been incorporated against the states.
到目前为止，前十条修正案中提到的几乎所有的权利和自由都被并入了反对各州的法案中。
This means that individuals are protected from all their governments taking away their liberties, and that's a good thing.
这意味着个人受到保护，不受政府剥夺他们的自由，这是件好事。
I loves my liberties.
我爱我的自由。
So we'll be talking about civil rights and civil liberties for a number of episodes, and this topic, while confusing, can be lots of fun.
所以我们会在接下来的几集里讨论公民权利和公民自由，这个话题虽然让人困惑，但也很有趣。
We might play liberties bingo, or civil rights kickball.
我们可以玩自由宾果游戏，或者民权踢球。
I don't know what those things are, but they sound like fun.
我不知道这些东西是什么，但听起来很有趣。
The main thing to remember is that going all the way back to the framers,
最重要的是要记住，回溯到制宪者时代，
Americans have been concerned about a too powerful government taking away citizens' freedoms.
美国人一直担心一个过于强大的政府剥夺公民的自由。
Yes, these liberties apply mostly to citizens, although some do apply to non-citizens, too.
是的，这些自由主要适用于公民，尽管有些也适用于非公民。
In order to put limits on government, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1789,
为了限制政府,《权利法案》于1789年加入到宪法,
but this didn't mean that those limits applied to the states,
但这并不意味着这些限制适用于美国,
probably because the founders expected states to be the main protectors of rights,
可能是因为创始人预期国家权利的主要保护者,
and in fact, many state constitutions have provisions that copy or in some ways, go beyond what's in the US Constitution.
事实上,许多州的宪法都有类似的规定，或者在某些方面超越了美国宪法的规定。
Only after the 14th Amendment was passed, following the Civil War, did the national government get around to addressing this issue of states denying people's liberties.
直到第14修正案通过之后，也就是内战之后，国家政府才开始着手解决各州剥夺人民自由的问题。
Even then, it took numerous court cases for us to get to the point that most civil liberties
即便如此，我们也经历了无数的法庭诉讼才达到这样的程度:
that we assume cannot be taken away by the government have actually been guaranteed through the process of selective incorporation.
我们认为政府无法剥夺的大多数公民自由，实际上都是通过选择性合并的过程得到保障的。
It's taken a long time to get where we are, and there's still a long way to go.
我们花了很长时间才取得今天的成就，还有很长的路要走。
Protecting civil liberties requires vigilant citizens to be aware of the ways that government is overstepping its bounds, but that's only half the equation.
保护公民自由需要警惕的公民意识到政府越界的方式，但这只是等式的一半。
It's also vital that our majority pay attention the civil rights of others,
同样重要的是，我们大多数人都要关注他人的公民权利，
and that we ensure that everyone is afforded the same protections and benefits promised by our system of law.
我们要确保每个人都能得到我们的法律体系所承诺的同样的保护和利益。
Thanks for watching.
感谢收看。
I'll see you next time.
下次见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
《政府与政治速成班》是与PBS数字工作室合作制作的。
Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal.
对美国政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at Voqal.org.
在Voqal.org上了解更多关于他们的使命和计划。
Crash Course is made with the help of these nice people who are innocent until proven guilty.
速成班是在这些善良的人的帮助下，他们是无辜的，直到被证明有罪。
Thanks for watching.
谢谢观看。
