评论
打印
But hey, there's new stuff, too. For one thing, Shakespearean tragedies have a lot of funny bits.
但是也有新东西。一方面，莎士比亚的悲剧有很多有趣的片段。
The actors in Shakespeare's company who played fools were big crowd-pleasers,
莎士比亚公司扮演傻子的演员可以取悦观众，
so Shakespeare wrote parts for them even in the sad plays. So, if you like your tragedy extra-depressing, too bad!
莎士比亚甚至在悲情剧中也为他们写过角色。所以，如果你喜欢的悲剧特别令人沮丧，太糟糕了！
As Samuel Johnson said, Shakespeare's work is defined by "an interchange of seriousness and merriment,
正如塞缪尔·约翰逊所说，莎士比亚的作品被定义为“一种严肃与欢乐的交流，
by which the mind is softened at one time, and exhilarated at another." Kinda like a marvel movie!
在这种交流中，思想时而变得柔和，时而又变得振奋”。有点像是漫威的电影！
Another important difference—sin! These plays inhabit a Christian moral landscape, at least in part.
另一个重要的区别是罪恶！这些戏剧至少在一定程度上反映了基督教的道德图景。
It's not enough for characters to worry about what an action will mean on earth,
演员仅仅考虑角色在世的意义是不够的，
they have to wonder whether or not it will damn in the afterlife.
他们还需要知道它在来生是生是死。
His construction of tragic heroes, though, is where Shakespeare made his biggest innovation.
然而，莎士比亚对悲剧英雄的塑造是他最大的创新。
Greek tragic heroes are mostly good people who whiff it,
希腊悲剧英雄大多是好人，
but Orestes, Oedipus, Pentheus aren't as ... complicated .. as Hamlet, Othello, Antony and Cleopatra!
但奥瑞斯忒斯、俄狄浦斯、彭修斯却没有哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、安东尼和克利奥帕特拉复杂。
The philosopher Hegel said that Shakespeare's big innovation was to put thesis and antithesis into a single character.
哲学家黑格尔曾说过，莎士比亚最大的创新就是把正题和反题放在一个人物身上。
So it's not Orestes versus Clytemnestra, or Pentheus versus Dionysus. It's Hamlet versus ... Hamlet. Deep, yo.
所以，不是奥瑞斯忒斯vs克吕泰墨斯特拉，也不是俄狄浦斯vs狄俄倪索斯，而是哈姆雷特vs哈姆雷特。
Basically, no one does radical psychological interiority like tragic Shakespeare.
基本上，没有人能像莎士比亚的悲剧那样，把心理的内在性表现得如此彻底。
This sets him apart from, well, everyone… but also his contemporaries.
这使他有别于，嗯，所有人，但也有别于他的同时代人。
In most Elizabethan revenge tragedies, the revenger becomes more evil the more evil he does. Makes sense, right?
在大多数伊丽莎白时代的复仇悲剧中，复仇者越邪恶，他就越邪恶。很有道理，对吧？
But Shakespeare never lets the heroes of his revenge tragedies become dehumanized.
但莎士比亚绝不会让他复仇悲剧中的英雄丧失人性。
They're thinking; they're questioning; they're trying to figure out if what they're doing is right and if there are alternatives.
他们思考、质疑；他们想要弄清楚自己所做的是否正确，是否有其他选择。
We never stop feeling for the heroes of Shakespeare's tragedies,
我们永远也不会停止对莎士比亚悲剧中的英雄们的同情，
and this emotional engagement is a lot of what makes them so sad, and terrible, and great.
正是这种情感上的投入使他们如此悲伤、可怕和伟大。
To see this in action, let's explore one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, "King Lear."
我们以莎士比亚最伟大的悲剧之一《李尔王》为例进行探讨。
A play set in some fairy tale, hurricane-ravaged version of ancient England,
这出舞台剧以古代英国遭受飓风破坏的童话故事为背景
that was first performed at the Palace in 1606 and probably written the year before.
于1606年首次在宫殿上演，可能是在前一年写的。
Adjust your screen brightness, ladies and gentlemen, because things are about to get dark. Light the way, Thoughtbubble:
女士们先生们，请调整屏幕亮度，因为接下来的场景很黑。照亮一点，
King Lear decides to retire, which is not something kings do.
李尔王决定退位，退位是国王不想做的。
But first he makes his daughters stand up before the court and praise him.
但他先让他的女儿们站在法庭前赞美他。
His older daughters, Goneril and Regan, make kissy faces.
他的两个大女儿，戈纳里尔和里根，都做着亲吻的表情。
This disgusts his youngest, Cordelia, who says nothing, so her father takes away her inheritance and banishes her.
这让他的小女儿科迪莉亚感到厌恶，她什么也没说，所以她的父亲剥夺了她的遗产，并将她流放。
He also banishes the loyal courtier Kent.
他还驱逐了忠诚的大臣肯特。
Meanwhile, Edmund, the bastard son of the Duke of Gloucester, is hatching a plan to frame his half-brother Edgar. It works.
与此同时，格洛斯特公爵的私生子埃德蒙正在谋划陷害他同父异母的弟弟埃德加。他成功了。
Even though Lear is retired, he still wants to live like a king, but his older daughters are like, what if you didn't?
即便李尔王退休了，他还是想向国王一样生活，但是他的大女儿不愿意。
They refuse to house his retinue of soldiers, so Lear walks out into a terrible storm,
她们拒绝为他的随从士兵提供住处，于是李尔王陷入了一场可怕的风暴，
followed by the disguised Kent and the fool, who soon goes missing.
后面跟着乔装改扮的肯特以及那个很快就失踪的傻瓜。
They meet up with Edmund, who is pretending to be a crazy beggar called Tom o' Bedlam until he can unframe himself.
他们遇到了埃德蒙，他假装成一个疯狂的乞丐，名叫汤姆·欧·贝德姆。
The older daughters decide they'll have to fight Lear, and when they learn that Gloucester is trying to help him,
大女儿们决定与李尔王决一雌雄，当她们得知格洛斯特想帮助李尔王时，
they have his eyes plucked out, saying, "Out vile jelly!" They give Gloucester's land to Edmund, who they are both obsessed with.
就把他的眼睛挖了出来，说：“可恶的浆块!”她们把格洛斯特的土地给了埃德蒙，她们俩都对埃德蒙着迷。
Because Edmund is hot. Edgar, the non-hot, non-sociopathic one, finds his father and promises to help Gloucester commit suicide.
因为埃德蒙很好看，长相一般的埃德加找到了他的父亲，并承诺帮助格洛斯特自杀。
But it's a weird trick. Gloucester lives. Cordelia has come back from France to help her father, who has gone mad.
但奇怪的是格洛斯特活了下来。科迪莉亚从法国回来帮助她发疯的父亲。
There's a fight. Lear and Cordelia are taken prisoner and Cordelia is strangled before Edmund,
开战了。李尔和科迪莉亚被捕，科迪莉亚在埃德蒙面前被勒死了，
suddenly overcome with remorse, can free her. Edgar kills Edmund. Goneril poisons Regan. Goneril kills herself.
埃德蒙突然懊悔不已，想把她救出来。埃德加杀死了埃蒙德。戈纳里尔毒死了里根。戈纳里尔自杀。
Lear dies of a broken heart. Gloucester dies for no reason. They try to make Kent king, but he says he's going to die, too.
李尔王因心碎而死。格洛斯特死因不明。他们想让肯特当国王，但是他说自己也要死了。
Everyone is sad, the fool is still missing, and… scene! Thanks, Thoughtbubble. I may never feel happy again.
每个人都很伤心，那个傻子仍不见踪影，然后谢幕！我再也不会快乐了。
So at the beginning, Lear makes a couple of wrong calls. He's wrong to give up his kingship and expect to live like a king.
所以一开始，李尔王犯了几个错误。他错在，放弃了王位却还期待过着帝王般的生活。
He's wrong to ask his daughters to perform their love rather than to honestly feel it.
他错在要求女儿展现自己的爱，而不是自己去感受。
But throughout the rest of the play, we see him wrestle with and regret his bad decisions.
但是纵观该剧剩余部分，我们看到他一直在纠结，并为自己的错误决定感到后悔。
He's never depicted as a monster or a sinner who can't be redeemed.
他从来没有被刻画成一个无法被救赎的怪物或罪人。
He's a sad and increasingly crazy old man who asks for our sympathy and probably gets it.
他是一个悲伤的且越来越疯狂的老人，他请求我们的同情，或许他得到了。
There are also a couple of exciting reversals: Lear's team is going to win. No, it isn't!
剧中还有一些刺激的反转：李尔的队伍要赢了。不。不是的！
Oh wait, yes it is, but ... everyone we care about is dead.
哦，等等，是的，但是…我们关心的人都死了。
One of the really clever things Shakespeare does, is withhold recognition.
莎士比亚最聪明的做法之一，就是不承认。
There's some discrepancy between the quarto and folio versions,
四开本和对开本之间有一些出入，
but in his last moments, Lear seems to imagine that Cordelia might still be alive.
但在他生命的最后一刻，李尔王似乎想象科迪莉亚可能还活着。
Shakespeare asks us to decide whether it's better to live with this comforting illusion or to accept the harsh, unvarnished truth.
莎士比亚让我们决定，是接受这个令人欣慰的幻觉更好，还是接受这个残酷的、未加修饰的事实更好。
We made it. And now maybe we better understand what it is to be human and to fail and suffer and…
我们做到了。现在也许我们能更好地理解什么是人类，什么是失败，什么是痛苦以及
be haunted by our bad decisions.What is? Stan? Has that been you the whole time? You're not my dad's ghost!
被我们的错误决定所困扰。怎么啦？你一直在那里吗？你可不是我身边的鬼混！
Next time is going to be a little more cheerful as we look at Shakespeare's comedies
下一次会喜庆些，因为下次我们要讲莎士比亚的喜剧
and a genre that critics went on to call the romances or the problem plays.
评论家称为这是爱情剧或问题剧的一种体裁。
Because—spoiler alert—there are some problems. Until then… curtain!
因为——剧透预警——有一些问题。现在…谢幕！
