work overtime 加班
To be working more hours at one's job than one is scheduled or required to do.
I've been working overtime all week to get this project done by the deadline.
为了在截止日期前把这个方案赶出来，我一直加班一整周了！

overtime pay 加班费
Payment for additional work done outside of regular working hours.

nine-to-fiver 朝九晚五者
Typically a person who works 9am-5pm Monday through Friday at their job every week.

clock in／punch in: To mark one's arrival at work. 打卡上班
I clocked in 20 minutes late today.
我今天上班打卡迟了20分钟。

clock out／punch out: To mark one's departure from work. 打卡下班
I really need to punch out now because my shift ended over an hour ago.
我的轮班一小时前就结束了，我真的要打卡下班了。

迟到早退
be late 迟到
leave early 早退

sick leave：time that you are allowed to spend away from work because you are sick. 病假
on sick leave 正在病假期间
He has been on sick leave for more than three months.
他已经请了三个月病假了。

请假 & 缺席
time off：Time away from work, school, or other responsibilities.
因为各种原因请假。
I'm taking some time off of work to look after my daughter while she recovers from her surgery.
因为我女儿手术后恢复期需要照顾，我要请假。
ask for sick leave/time off 请求（老板）批准病假／事假
absent without leave：Away without permission or explanation. 无故缺席