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Hey there. I'm Mike Rugnetta. This is crash course theater. And that's right pal.
嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂” 没错 朋友们
Today we're gonna be discussing the Golden Age of Spanish drama. And Spaniards are prolific, like tens of thousands of plays prolific.
今天我们要讨论的是西班牙戏剧的黄金时代 西班牙人很是多产 他们创作了上万部戏剧
And we have lots of them. So hey. That's fun.
而且大部分都被留存下来 所以 嘿 有意思
We'll examine the origins and style of Spanish drama, check out its unique theater design and "cucumber throwing".
我们会来探讨一下西班牙戏剧的起源和其风格 看看它独特的剧院设计和 “丢黄瓜”？
We'll meet a couple of Golden Age literary heavyweights and take a closer look at
我们会来介绍黄金时代的几位文学巨匠 之后将进一步探讨
"Life Is A Dream"—Pedro Calderon de la Barca's beautiful allegorical mind mash of a play.
佩德罗·卡尔德隆·德拉巴尔卡的一部美丽的寓言风戏剧——《人生如梦》
Get your cloaks, your swords and your pageant wagons ready, vamos al Espana.
准备好你的披风、你的剑以及你的游行马车 (外语)
The Spanish Renaissance starts in the 15th century when Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand Ⅱ of Aragon.
西班牙的文艺复兴始于15世纪 也就是在伊莎贝拉的卡斯提尔和斐迪南的二世亚拉贡的结婚之际
And humanism really comes into vogue.
从那之后人文主义开始真正盛行起来
You may remember humanism from our Italian Renaissance episode as the idea that earthly life isn't just some garbage that happens on the way to heaven,
你大概还记得意大利文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想吧 认为尘世生活不仅仅是通往天堂途中的垃圾
but maybe like kind of cool and its own right. So make a few things and be good to each other. Yeah.
而是一种沉淀和自我的权利 所以 请付诸行动 善待彼此 是的
Except then, in this case we immediately get the Spanish Inquisition.
嗯 说这种话我们会即刻被西班牙宗教法庭审判
So yes. Art and literature. But also the prosecution of a hundred and fifty thousand and execution of thousands of Jews and Moors
是的 有艺术和文学的繁荣 还有对15万人的控诉以及以基督教正统的名义对成千上万的犹太人和摩尔人的处决
in the name of Christian orthodoxy, which is the opposite of being good to each other.
这跟善待彼此的行为是截然相反的
What this meant for theatre was that while England's stages saw a disconnect from religion, with plays on spiritual themes explicitly outlawed,
这对戏剧的意义在于 虽然英格兰的戏剧舞台与宗教脱节 导致其以精神为主题的戏剧被明确禁止
in Spain sacred and secular drama remained closely intertwined. Most playwrights wrote in both genres.
然而在西班牙 以宗教为主题的戏剧和以世俗为主题的戏剧仍然紧密地交织在一起 大多剧作家的作品都兼具两种体裁
The most active genre was a religious drama called the "Autos Sacramentaless" or "Sacramental Acts".
其中最活跃的是一种名为“圣剧”的宗教戏剧
Autos originated in the late medieval period and have some serious overlap with English morality plays.
“圣剧”起源于中世纪晚期 与英国的道德剧有较高的重叠
Their allegorical drama is concerned with virtue and vice.
他们的寓言剧是关于美德和邪恶的
Autos were supposed to focus on the mystery of the Eucharist or communion and how bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. But topics varied a lot.
“圣剧”的主题专注于圣餐 以及 面包和酒如何成为基督的身体和血液 不过主题与主题之间相差较大
Trade guilds staged plays at first, then cities took over, hiring professional troops and encouraging playwrights to create new scripts.
最初是行会出演戏剧 之后被城市接管 他们雇佣专业人员并鼓励剧作家创作新剧本
In Madrid, which became the capital of Spain in 1560, three or four autos were produced every year, usually a mix of new plays and revivals.
在1560年成为西班牙首都的马德里 每年都有三到四部圣剧出世 这些圣剧一般是新戏剧和复兴戏剧的结合
The place were performed using elaborate two-story pageant wagons called "Carros".
戏剧在一种叫做“Carros(外语)”的双层豪华马车里进行表演
These would parade around the city pulled by Bulls with gilded horns and accompanied by musicians jugglers and giant paper puppets.
马车由牛角镀金的公牛牵引着在城市里进行游行 马车上有音乐家、杂耍演员和巨型纸偶
When the chorus reached a playing site, they were joined by another wagon, which opened and became the stage.
当合唱队到达一个表演场地时 会有另一辆已经打开并变成舞台的马车加入进来
The Autos were performed in Spain until 1765 when real..., shocker here,
圣剧表演在西班牙一直存在 直到……爆点来了
they were outlawed for being unholy, too much dancing, too many farcical interludes, too much fun.
他们因为不圣洁、舞蹈太多、滑稽的插曲太多而被宣布违法 太有意思了
While the Autos were going strong though secular drama began to crystallize.
在圣剧的蓬勃发展之际 世俗剧也毫不落后
The first important play was not actually a play. it was "Calisto and Melibea", aka "La Celestina", a novel in dialogue written around 1500.
第一部有重要意义的戏剧其实并不能称之为戏剧 叫做《卡利斯托与梅里比娅》 也就是《塞莱斯蒂娜》 是一部写于约1500年的对话式小说
In it, a bachelor enlists a "procuress", aka a “Madame”—to woo a young sheltered woman.
这部小说讲述的是 一个单身汉雇了一个“老鸨” 也就是一位夫人 来追求一个被庇护的年轻女子
The bachelor servants kill the Madame in a botched sort of double-cross.
单身汉的仆人们用拙劣的欺骗手段杀死了那名夫人
The bachelor then falls off a ladder and dies while visiting his love. And she commits suicide in despair.
之后单身汉在看望爱人时从梯子上摔下来死掉了 他的爱人则在绝望中自杀了
This takes 16 acts, 21 in the revised edition. So yeah. No one's gonna be staging that. But it was widely read.
这部作品的修订版包含16章21节 太长了所以没人会去表演它 不过被广泛阅读是真的
And other writers were inspired by its mix of high drama and low comedy.
其他的一些作家则受到它那偏戏剧和略带喜剧的混合体的启发
Around the same time, a few Spanish dramatists who'd spent some time in Italy started writing comedies and pastorals.
就在大约在同一时期 一些曾在意大利待过一段时间的西班牙剧作家开始写喜剧和田园诗
These plays were about shepherds and shepherdesses and country life though were only ever presented at the court. So their influence was limited.
这些以牧羊人、牧羊女以及乡村生活为题材的戏剧只在宫廷里演出 所以影响力也有限
But late in the 16th century, a professional theatre emerged alongside countless new forms.
16世纪后期 一种专业的戏剧出现了 而且还伴随着许多新品种戏剧
Spanish playwrights loved new forms.
西班牙的剧作家们都喜欢搞新花样
We've got chivalric plays about knights and ladies. We got plays about the minor nobility.
有关于骑士和淑女的骑士戏剧 有关于小贵族的戏剧
We got situation comedies and comedies of manners. We got mythology plays and miracle plays and a whole genre of plays about corpses.
有情景喜剧和礼仪喜剧 有神话剧、奇迹剧 还有一整类关于尸体的戏剧
Yeah. I bet you could get apart.
嗯 我相信你能分得清
I mean you'd have to work on your range a little bit. And you know like, delivering lines.
我是说 你该稍微增长些见识了 你懂的 拓展自己的知识范围
Spain also had a pretty unusual theater design.
西班牙也拥有一种非常独特的剧院设计
Some of the best seats in the house were actually in a house.
一些好座位通常是在 屋里
The first professional theaters were built in the 1570s and they're called "Corrales" or "courtyards".
第一座正规剧院建于1570年 被称为“庭院”
Because they were built in courtyards.
因为它是建在 庭院里
The houses on either side were the walls of the theater and the middle patio was for standing spectators.
两边的房子都是剧院的墙壁 中间的露台是用来站着看剧的
And if you had a little bit more money, you could sit in the "Gradas", rows of seats with roofs or roofs roof roof roof.
如果你钱多 那么你可以坐在"Gradas(外语)"里 那里的座位有屋顶 或者 哇顶？无顶？舞顶？五顶？
Whichever one you like. Either way, covered covers overhead.
你喜欢哪个就用哪个 不管怎样 就是说 有东西帮你挡着 头顶
In the back of the theater was a snack bar that sold fruit and drinks, and above it a gallery where women sat and sometimes threw fruit, also cucumbers.
剧院的后面有一家卖水果和饮料的小吃店 上面有一个走廊 那里是女人的专属席位 她们会在上面偶尔扔扔水果、黄瓜什么的
Sometimes there were police to keep the women from getting too rowdy.
不时地还会有警察过来维持妇女们的秩序 以防她们太吵
The windows of the houses helped to form private boxes or "Aposentos".
剧院的窗户是为了形成私人包厢的格局 或者叫“Aposentos(外语)”
Usually grills were placed over the windows.
窗户上通常设有护栏
So that residents couldn't sneak in, though some homeowners made special arrangements for box seats.
这样居民们就没法儿偷偷溜进去了 虽然某些房主还为包厢座位的特殊用途做了特殊安排
