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Hey there! I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater,
嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂”
and today our coverage of elaborate stage makeup and costuming continues as we cover Beijing Opera—
今天我们继续来讲一种有着精致的舞台妆和服饰的戏剧——京剧
Very nice Slim! I like all this effort you've been putting in lately. Though the Yin and Yang is a little on the nose.
很好看 斯利姆 对于你最近的努力我很看好 虽然“阴”、“阳”跟鼻子离得略近
As Yorick is demonstrating, today we're heading to China to explore the origins of Chinese performance
正如尤里克所展示的 今天我们将前往中国探索中国戏剧的起源
and enjoy some Beijing opera—a music theater style with its origins in classical Chinese drama
并欣赏一些京剧 京剧是一种起源于中国古典戏剧的音乐剧
that went through a bumpy patch during the Cultural Revolution, but is still performed today.
京剧在文化大革命时期经历了一段坎坷 不过现在依旧有演出
It has gods and demons, strict color coding, and about a million different ways to use a chair. Let's go!
京剧有上帝和魔鬼 有严格的颜色搭配 还有大约一百万种不同的使用椅子的方式 好 咱们开讲吧
Performance in China starts early. How early? We would look at that: we don't know.
中国的戏剧起源得很早 有多早呢？那要看……好吧 我们也不知道
But the very earliest performances seem to have been associated with religious ritual:
不过戏剧最早期的表演形式似乎和宗教仪式相关
songs and dances petitioning the gods for fertility, for a good harvest, success in war—the usual.
人们载歌载舞 祈求神灵保佑土地肥沃、大丰收、战争胜利 嗯 老样子
Later on, when Daoism gets going, Wu Priests–a kind of shaman or WIZARD; yeah, that's right my nerds, WIZARDs–would stage elaborate seances,
后来 当道教开始发展的时候 吴祭司 一种萨满或者巫师 是的 没错 书呆子们 巫师们会精心安排降神会
and some of these get coopted as court performances where priests zhuzh up the ritual with jokes and special effects. Those priests. Such hams.
其中某些被选为宫廷表演 祭司们用笑话和特殊效果来增强仪式的氛围 这些个祭司……真会抱大腿
Religion and theater remain intertwined, and by the eighth century BCE, certain temples become famous for their performers.
宗教和戏剧一直两两不分家 到公元前8世纪的时候还出现了某些因其表演者而闻名的寺庙
During the Han Dynasty, which begins in 206 BCE, performance becomes more widespread and more secular.
公元前206年汉朝建立之后 表演变得更加普遍和世俗
Performers practice disciplines like tightrope-walking, pole-climbing, sword-swallowing, fire-eating, and occasionally slightly less dangerous stuff like juggling.
表演者会表演走钢丝、爬杆儿、吞剑、吞火等动作 偶尔也会表演一些不太危险的动作 比如杂耍
There's also mime, but probably not lewd mime, unfortunately.
那会儿也有哑剧 不过不是那种下流的哑剧 可惜了
Around this time, shadow plays also begin appearing in China.
大概就在这个时间 中国开始出现皮影戏
Things cool down for a few centuries after the Han lose power, because war does that to a performance culture.
汉朝失势之后 表演平息了几个世纪 因为战争破坏了表演文化
But then it's 600 CE, and the Sui Dynasty is ascendant.
直至到了公元600年 隋朝崛起
The emperor Yang-Ti loves performance so much that he actually opens his own training school and hosts a festival featuring ten of thousands of performers.
隋炀帝非常爱看表演 他甚至办了自己的培训学校 还举行了一个有成千上万名表演者参加的节日
Take that, minimalism! During the Tang Dynasty, performers start to combine music, dance, and acrobatics in innovative ways,
学学吧 极简主义者们 到了唐朝 表演者们进行了创新 将音乐、舞蹈和杂技结合到了一起
and the Emperor Xuanzong opens the Pear Garden, another training School supposed to help further that innovation.
唐玄宗还开办了梨园 这是另一所旨在促进这种创新的培训学校
Also apparently a way for him to recruit for his personal harem.
显然也是唐玄宗充实后宫的一种方式
Now maybe you're getting the idea that theater in China was a performance tradition rather than a literary one, and that idea is correct.
现在你可能会发现：在中国 戏剧是一种表演传统 而不是文学传统 这个观点是正确的
But around 1000 CE, a lot of poetry starts to develop, and then the novel comes to China.
不过到了公元1000年左右 很多诗歌开始发展 后来中国出现了小说
Novels are a huge hit, and storytellers start going around to teahouses, reciting portions of them while audiences drink tea and eat pumpkin seeds.
小说变得大受欢迎 故事讲述者开始以茶馆为营地 在观众喝茶吃南瓜籽的时候讲述小说的某些片段
Performances like this are narrative rather than dialogic or mimetic, meaning they aren't really acted out. But it's a start!
像这种表演是叙述形的 而不是对话形或者模仿形的 这说明表演的形式还没有真正形成 仅仅是一种雏形
As the Song Dynasty continues, people actually start writing plays, which usually begin with a spoken prologue and then continue with a mix of dialogue and song.
随着宋朝的延续 人们开始写剧本 剧本通常以口头开场白开始 之后以对话和歌曲的混合形式继续
We have fragments of about one hundred and fifty of these plays.
这种类型的戏剧片段我们有大约150个
Several actors become famous during this time, and they're known by nicknames like "Orange Peel" and "Dimples.
那段时期还出现了几名当红演员 他们都有像“橘子皮”啊“酒窝”啊这种绰号
What do you think my nickname would be, Yorick? (BALD SPOT) Very funny.
你觉得我的绰号会是什么 尤里克？(秃斑) 有意思
But then, in the late thirteenth century, the invading hordes come, and maybe you're thinking,
但是到了13世纪晚期 部落开始入侵中原 也许你会想：
Ugh! Invading hordes!? This is why we can't have nice things!
呃 又是他大爷的入侵!? 入侵真的是断送一切美好的来源
But if there's one thing we know here on Crash Course, Mongols are the exception!
然而事情总有例外 “速成班”要告诉你的是 “蒙古人的入侵是好的”
When the Mongols invade China, forming the Yuan Dynasty, it pretty much ushers in a golden age of literature.
蒙古人入侵中国 建立了元朝 自此开启了文学的黄金时代
Why? Well, one theory goes that since the Mongols preferred to handle stuff in-horse, lots of highly educated bureaucrats suddenly were out of work.
为什么呢？嗯 有一种观点认为：因为蒙古人更喜欢在马背上处理事务 所以很多受过高等教育的官僚突然失业了
So to fill the time, they wrote stuff.
所以为了打发时间 他们开始写写东西
Hey, I'll take it! I would have settled for wizards!
嘿 我买了 本来应该勉强买巫师的
Drama of the period drew from history, legend, and those newfangled novel things.
那个时期的戏剧取材于历史、传说和一些新奇的事物
Characters emerged from all classes and types, and plays often ranged over months or years.
各种职业和类型的角色都有 一个剧本通常要写几个月甚至几年
And maybe you're thinking, Hey, this sounds a little like Elizabethan drama. And you're right—it does. Nice catch!
你可能在想：嘿 听起来有点儿像伊丽莎白时期的戏剧 没错 就是很像 (话题)接得真棒
But unlike Elizabethan drama, every play conveyed a strong moral message, usually emphasizing family and duty.
但和伊丽莎白时代的戏剧不同的是 它的每一部戏剧都传达了强烈的道德感 特别是家庭和责任
Some of these plays might also have offered subtle critiques of the political situation,
其中一些戏剧可能还对政治形势提出了微妙的批评
where good characters suffer through all sorts of terrible trials, like being conquered by invading hordes, before winning out in the end.
在政治形势下优秀的人物会经历各种可怕的考验 比如在最后的胜利到来之前会被入侵的部落征服
Two distinct styles of drama developed. One in the north, called zaju, and one in the south, called chuan-qi.
后来形成了两种截然不同的戏剧风格 一种在北方 叫“杂剧” 一种在南方 叫“传奇戏曲”
Zaju dramas were four acts long, except for the most famous one, the twenty-act "Romance of the Western Chamber,"
杂剧总共有四幕 不过著名的《西厢记》有二十幕
which… got away with it by claiming it was in five parts.
但是它声称有五个部分 所以勉强算是四幕吧
These four acts contained ten to twenty songs, and those songs were selected from five hundred pre-existing melodies
四幕包含十到二十首歌曲 这些歌曲是从500首现有的歌曲里挑选出来的
and accompanied by gong, drum, clapper, flute, and lute.
伴奏有锣、鼓、板、笛和琵琶
But here's where it gets tricky: only the protagonist sings, and each of the four acts demands its own vocal timbre and rhyme scheme.
但有一点很棘手：只有主角唱歌 而且四幕中的每一幕都要有自己的音色和韵律
