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You might know of dyslexia as a reading disorder, or that one condition that makes letters seem to "float around on the page."
你可能知道失读症是一种阅读障碍，或是一种使字母看起来“在纸上飘浮”的病症。
And that's understandable, because it does mess with people's ability to read.
这是可以理解的，因为它会影响人们的阅读能力。
But it's more complex than letters flipping around and floating away.
但它要比字母的翻转和飘移复杂得多。
Years of research suggest that people with dyslexia might struggle with processing letters because they also have trouble processing… of all things… rhythm.
多年的研究表明，失读症患者可能难以处理字母，因为他们也难以处理韵律等事情。
People with dyslexia tend to read more slowly than others, misspell words, or confuse letters that look similar.
失读症患者往往比其他人读得慢，拼写出现错误，或者把看起来相似的字母搞混。
And the disorder is far from being uncommon.
而且这种疾病并不罕见。
Most estimates say it affects at least one in ten people.
据估计，每十个人中至少就有一人会受到影响。
But despite its impacts on reading, dyslexia may actually be caused, at least in part, by something more musical.
但尽管它会影响阅读，失读症实际上可能是由一些更具音乐性的东西引起，至少部分是这样。
Whether you realize it or not, language has a whole lot of rhythm.
不管你有没有意识到，语言有很多节奏。
Whole lot of rhythm
有很多节奏
A whole lot of rhythm
有很多节奏
A whole lot of rhythm
有很多节奏
A whole lot of rhythm
有很多节奏
Just like that.
就是这样。
And I'm not talking about, like, beatboxing or slam poetry… or whatever I just did.
我不是在说，拳击或是大满贯诗歌，或是我刚做的任何事。
I'm talking about everyday speech.
我说的是日常用语。
Think about it like this:
这样想：
If you say a word like "difficult," there's a right way to stress and pitch those sounds.
如果你说像“困难”这样的一个词，有一个正确的方法来强调这些声音。
DIFF-icult is right, and diff-IC-ult just… sounds kind of weird.
DIFF-icult是对的，diff-IC-ult只是…听起来有点奇怪。
This rhythm that's built into language is known as prosody.
语言中的这种节奏被称为韵律。
Most people have no trouble processing it—they do it without even thinking.
大多数人在处理它时，没有什么问题，他们甚至不会去想。
But a study published in 2011 showed that people with dyslexia tend to have a harder time with this.
但2011年发表的一项研究显示，失读症患者往往更难做到这一点。
They're much less able to tell if a mis-stressed word is pronounced right or wrong.
他们很难判断一个重音错误的单词，发音是对还是错。
And if you have trouble parsing the rhythmic stress patterns in words, that can make it extra tricky to match letters to the sounds of words.
如果你在分析单词中的韵律重音模式时遇到困难，那么将字母与单词的发音相匹配就变得格外困难。
In other words, if you don't have a good internal representation of what the word is supposed to sound like,
换言之，如果你对单词的发音没有一个很好的内在呈现，
when you read something, there are fewer clues to help you link letters on the page to the meaning of the word.
那么当你阅读一些东西时，帮你将页面上的字母与单词的意思联系起来的线索就会更少。
Scientists believe this might happen because of differences in the way dyslexic brains sample sound.
科学家认为，这可能是由于失读症患者大脑中取样声音的方式不同所致。
According to the theory of temporal sampling, as sensory information, like speech, enters your brain, your brain takes snapshots of that information.
根据瞬时取样的理论，当言语等感觉信息进入大脑时，大脑会拍下这些信息的快照。
So it doesn't just absorb information continuously; it takes a bunch of snapshots at different rates, some quicker than others.
因此，它不仅是持续地吸取信息；也会以不同的速率拍摄很多快照，有些快照的速度比其他要快。
And it uses those snapshots to put together an image, or, in this case, an auditory representation, of the signals it's receiving.
它使用这些快照来组合图像，或是在本例中，是它接收到的信号的听觉表现。
If we stick with the camera metaphor for a sec, you can imagine the brain as a camera that's trying to take a picture of a hummingbird.
如果我们用相机来做比喻，你可以把大脑想象成一个试图拍摄蜂鸟照片的相机。
A non-dyslexic brain is like a camera with a fast shutter speed:
一个未患失读症者的大脑就像一个快门速度很快的相机：
It captures a clear moment in time, even though the hummingbird's wings are beating really quickly.
它能及时捕捉到清晰的瞬间，尽管蜂鸟的翅膀跳动得非常快。
On the other hand, a dyslexic brain is more like a camera with a slower shutter speed so instead of capturing the wings clearly, it captures a blur.
另一方面，失读症患者的大脑更像是快门速度较慢的相机，所以它拍摄到的翅膀并不清晰，而是模糊的图像。
In the real world, what that means is that, sometimes, a dyslexic brain doesn't process rhythmic information as fast as it's arriving.
在现实世界中，这意味着，有时失读症患者的大脑处理韵律信息的速度，没有接受的速度快。
As a result, someone with dyslexia may not lock into rhythms in language as well as someone without dyslexia.
因此，失读症患者可能不会像未患病者那样，锁定语言的韵律。
The difference, or at least one of them, seems to be in a part of the brain called the arcuate fasciculus, which is a kind of connective highway between parts of the brain involved in language.
这种差异，或者至少其中一种，似乎存在于大脑中被称为弓状束的部分。弓状束是大脑中与语言有关的部分之间的一种连接通道。
In those with dyslexia, the arcuate fasciculus is smaller, with less white matter to carry information.
在失读症患者中，弓状束较小，携带信息的白质较少。
And the fewer connections, the harder it becomes to pass information around those language areas.
联结越少，在这些语言区域传递信息就越困难。
Along with its role in language, the arcuate fasciculus is also really important for music.
弓状束除了在语言中的作用外，在音乐方面也很重要。
In fact, there's some evidence that people with dyslexia could make use of this connection between language and music to improve their reading skills.
事实上，有证据表明，失读症患者可以利用语言和音乐之间的这种联系，来提高阅读能力。
A 2016 study used what's called cognitive-musical training, or CMT, on two groups of children between 8 and 12 years old.
2016年的一项研究将认知音乐训练（CMT）用于两组8至12岁的儿童。
12 children had dyslexia, and 22 had typical reading skills.
12名儿童患有阅读障碍，22名儿童具有典型的阅读能力。
For 18 hours, either spread over three days or six weeks, these children practiced musical exercises,
在18个小时里，这些孩子们在3天或6周内，
like tapping out rhythms, learning about pitch and duration, and playing simple melodies.
做敲打节奏、学习音高和持续时间，演奏简单旋律等音乐练习。
Before and after their training, researchers tested their ability to tell apart similar sounds,
在训练前后，研究人员测试了他们分辨类似声音的能力，
such as "ba" and "pa," as well as pick out examples of incorrect stress in three-syllable words.
比如“ba”和“pa”，以及在三音节单词中挑出不正确重音的例子。
The results showed that following CMT training, the kids with dyslexia got significantly better at distinguishing sounds from one another, as well as picking up on incorrect prosody.
结果表明，经过认知音乐训练后，失读症患儿在辨别语音和提取错误韵律方面有显著提高。
On top of that, a further study by those same authors found that following the six-week training,
除此之外，这些作者的进一步研究发现，经过6周的训练，
dyslexic kids' reading skills improved, even without any specific reading training.
失读症患儿的阅读能力提高了，即使他们并未接受具体的阅读训练。
The idea of using this connection between music and language is really exciting.
在音乐和语言之间使用这种联结的想法，真是令人兴奋。
But the science isn't settled yet.
但科学方面还没有定论。
While studies like this one found strong effects on reading, others just haven't.
虽然这样的研究发现，阅读具有很强的效果，但其他研究却未发现这样的结果。
So for the moment, psychologists need to better understand what exactly might be influencing improvements in reading,
因此，目前，心理学家需要更好地理解到底是什么影响了阅读能力的提高，
and whether or not other experiments can get the same results.
以及其他实验是否能得到同样的结果。
Dyslexia is just one of the many variations in how our brains interpret the world around us.
失读症只是我们大脑对周围世界理解方式的众多变化之中的一种。
But thanks to its complexity, it has a lot to show us about how we process things like language and rhythm and use them to make sense of our world.
但由于它的复杂性，它可以在我们如何处理语言和韵律，并利用它们来理解世界等方面给我们提供大量的信息。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期《心理科学秀》！
And a special thank you to our patrons for supporting the work we do.
特别感谢赞助人对我们工作的支持。
It takes a lot of people to make a SciShow video, and we couldn't do it without you.
制作一期科学秀视频需要很多人的帮助，没有你们，我们就无法做到。
If you're interested in being part of our patron community, you can find out more at patreon.com/scishow.
如果你有兴趣加入我们的赞助人社区，可以登陆patreon.com/scishow网站。
