评论
打印
Take a look at this and see what it looks like to you.
看看这个，看你觉得怎么样。
Okay, and this one.
好的，还有这个。
And one more.
再来一个。
For decades, psychologists have used these inkblots to diagnose mental illnesses and gain insight into people's personality traits.
几十年来，心理学家们利用这些墨迹来诊断精神疾病，并洞察人们的个性特征。
Which may seem like kind of a sketchy way to understand someone's mind.
这似乎是一种理解某人思想的粗略方法。
And some people have definitely overestimated its power.
一些人肯定高估了它的力量。
But modern studies of this old technique suggest that in some ways, this test actually can tell us things about the way people see the world.
但对这项古老技术的现代研究表明，在某些方面，这项测试实际上可以告诉我们人们看待世界的方式。
The traditional inkblot test, called the Rorschach Test, is a set of ten inkblots.
传统的墨迹测试，称为罗夏测试，这套测试有十张墨迹图。
Basically, you look at these colored splats and describe what you see.
基本上，你就是看这些彩色的斑点，然后描述出所看到的东西。
Then, depending on your answers, a psychologist may be able to tell something about how you process the world,
之后根据你的回答，心理学家可能会告诉你一些关于你审视世界的方式，
or even about your personality.
甚至还有你的个性。
Well, allegedly.
据说是这样。
The use of inkblots as a psychological tool is really controversial.
使用墨迹作为一种心理工具确实存在争议。
And taking a look at its history, you can see why.
看看它的历史，你就会明白其原因了。
The Rorschach Test is named after the Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach, who published it in 1921.
罗夏测验以瑞士心理学家赫尔曼·罗夏命名，他于1921年发表了罗夏测验。
Weirdly enough, he actually first got into inkblots through a popular game in the 19th century called "Klecksographie."
奇怪的是，他在19世纪第一次通过一个叫做“Klecksographie”的流行游戏接触墨迹。
In this game, players make their own inkblots by dropping ink onto paper,
在这个游戏中，玩家通过将墨水滴在纸上，然后沿中间折叠，
then folding it along the middle and pressing the halves together to create symmetrical patterns.
将两半压在一起，形成对称的图案，制作出自己的墨迹。
Then, they compete to come up with the most and wildest interpretations of what the blot looks like.
随后，他们争先恐后地对墨迹的样子做出最疯狂的解释。
Apparently, Rorschach loved this game.
显然，罗夏喜欢这个游戏。
Enough to get the nickname "Klex" from his high school friends.
可以从他的高中朋友那里得到“Klex”的绰号了。
And when he entered the realm of psychology, it was still on his mind.
当他涉入心理学领域时，他仍然在思考这个问题。
Enough so that he became the first person to turn inkblots to the task of understanding how people with mental illnesses process the world.
足以使他成为把墨迹变成理解精神疾病患者如何审视世界的第一人。
Early in his career, he noted that people with schizophrenia seemed to interpret the patterns differently from other players.
在他职业生涯的早期，他注意到精神分裂症患者对这些模式的诠释似乎与其他玩这个游戏的人不同。
And later in his career, he decided to test that observation further.
后来在他的职业生涯中，他决定进一步检验这个观察结果。
He designed hundreds of inkblots and tested them on 300 patients and 100 controls, and ultimately, he claimed these splotches could be used to diagnose mental illness.
他设计了数百个墨迹，并在300名患者和100名对照者身上进行测试。最终，他声称这些墨迹可以用来诊断精神疾病。
He found that viewers without mental health conditions tended to give similar answers to each other,
他发现，未患心理健康疾病的观看者往往会给出相似的答案，
while people with similar mental health diagnoses gave answers that resembled each other but differed from the typical answers.
而出现相似心理健康诊断的人给出的答案彼此相似，但又与典型答案不同。
Eventually, he settled on just ten inkblots that seemed to draw out the most measurable differences.
最后，他决定只用十张墨迹，来查看最可衡量的差异。
And in 1921, the year before Rorschach died, he published these ten images in a book titled Psychodiagnostik.
1921年，罗夏去世的前一年，他在一本名为《心理诊断学》的书中发表了这十幅图像。
From there, the inkblots became widely available, along with the coding system Rorschach developed, which he claimed could diagnose various mental disorders, such as psychosis.
从那时起，墨迹测试得到普及，和罗夏开发的编码系统一起使用，他声称可以诊断各种精神疾病，如精神病。
And before long, the images became wildly popular in the U.S except, as a personality test.
不久之后，这些图像在美国变得非常流行，用作一种个性测试。
Which is not what the Rorschach Test was designed for.
这不是罗夏测验的初衷。
Like, at all.
根本不是。
People who weren't trained in psychology, or even working in a psychological field, began introducing them into their work.
那些没接受过心理学训练，甚至没在心理学领域工作过的人，开始把它们引入到工作中来。
For example, in the 1960s, U.S. job recruiters started using them to sort through potential employees, thinking they could pick out the personality traits they wanted.
例如，20世纪60年代，美国的招聘人员开始使用它们来筛选潜在的雇员，认为这项测试能挑选出他们想要的个性特征。
Even psychologists got really liberal with their applications of the test.
甚至连心理学家在应用这项测试时，也非常开明。
And that's where the science started to really get... mushy.
于是，科学的界限开始模糊。
After Rorschach's death, inkblots were so popular that many scientists began adding to his body of work.
罗夏去世后，墨迹非常流行，许多科学家开始在他们的工作中加入墨迹测试。
They tried to find more and more aspects of personality and cognition that these inkblots could potentially tease out.
他们试图找到越来越多的个性和认知方面，这些墨迹可能将它们梳理出来。
And along the way, they began to adopt different methods of interpretation and new ways of scoring.
一路上，他们开始采用不同的解释方法和新的评分方法。
Researchers at the time eventually rolled all of these additions into a new, standardized inkblot system,
当时的研究人员最终将所有添加的内容，加到一个新的标准化墨迹系统中，
called the Rorschach Comprehensive System.
称为《罗夏综合系统》。
But the problem was, not all of those additions were as rigorous as they should have been,
但问题是，并不是所有的这些补充图像都具有应有的严格性，
and inkblot tests began to earn a reputation as pseudoscience.
墨迹测试开始赢作为伪科学赢得声誉
Around the same time, other approaches to psychology that attempted to draw meaning from the subconscious mind were falling out of favor,
大约在同一时间，其他试图从潜意识中汲取意义的心理学方法也未受到欢迎，
and the Rorschach Test went down with them.
罗夏测验也随之失败。
So, these days, it's easy to write off the Rorschach Test completely, and there are a lot of strong, negative feelings towards it, for a lot of good reasons!
所以，很容易把罗夏测验完全取消，而且人们是对它充满强烈的消极情绪，存在很多很好的理由！
First there was all the mushy personality science that followed Rorschach's death.
首先，罗夏去世后，出现很多模糊性的人格科学。
Then there's the fact that the results of the test can depend a lot on the person scoring it.
还有一个事实是，测试结果在很大程度上取决于评分人。
And, to top it all off, it doesn't seem to actually reliably diagnose most disorders.
最重要的是，它似乎并不能真正可靠地诊断大多数疾病。
So, it's pretty problematic.
所以，存在很多问题。
But there may still be some glimmers of usefulness in there.
但可能仍有一些有用的迹象。
A team using modern analysis methods found that some parts of the test in its current form still seem to have some merit.
一个运用现代分析方法的团队发现，目前测试形式的某些部分似乎仍然有一些优点。
A study published in 2013 systematically reviewed 53 existing meta-analyses on the Rorschach Comprehensive System,
2013年发表的一项研究中，系统地回顾了罗夏综合系统现有的53项元分析，
and found that, of the 65 main variables it claims to test, 13 had some really solid support.
发现在它声称要测试的65个主要变量中，13个变量具有一些确实可靠的支持。
These 13 variables were the ones that assessed how you see and think about the world, or your cognitive and perceptual processes.
这13个变量用来评估你如何看待和思考这个世界，或是你的认知和感知过程。
Which, lo and behold, is what Rorschach designed the test for in the first place.
罗夏当初就是为此而设计的这项测试。
The researchers concluded that Rorschach's inkblots are of "notable use" for identifying those with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia.
研究人员得出结论，罗夏墨迹在鉴别精神病患者（如精神分裂症）方面具有“显著用途”。
People with schizophrenia often experience thought disorder, which messes with their ability to organize their thoughts.
精神分裂症患者经常会出现思维障碍，这会影响他们组织思维的能力。
Because of that, the way they interpret the blots is noticeably different, more scattered, and in some cases it can demonstrate their feelings of paranoia.
正因为如此，他们解读墨迹的方式明显不同，会更加分散。在某些情况下，这会显示出他们的偏执情绪。
Again, just like Rorschach first noticed.
再次，就像罗夏第一次注意到的。
It's unlikely that psychologists would use test in place of other diagnostic tools we have for mental illnesses these days, but now we know that it does have some value.
现在，心理学家不太可能用测试来代替对精神疾病的其他诊断工具，但现在我们知道它确实具有一定的价值。
The Rorschach test may seem like a cliché example of how wacky and pseudoscientific psychology can be,
罗夏测验似乎是一个老生常谈的例子，说明心理学是多么古怪和伪科学。
and thanks to its history, it does have a lot of baggage.
由于它的历史长久，人们确实对它存在很多看法。
But with more rigorous research using modern research methods,
但随着采用现代研究方法进行越来越严格的研究，
there's reason to hope that something useful can be pulled from the mush.
我们有理由希望能从困境中找到一些有用的东西。
And if nothing else, it stands as a cautionary tale to future scientists.
它对未来的科学家来说，也是一个警示。
Be careful how you use psychological tools, or you might end up ruining them for everyone.
小心你如何使用心理工具，否则你可能会毁掉每个人的测验。
Thanks for watching SciShow Psych, which is produced by Complexly.
感谢收看由Complexly制作的《心理科学秀》。
If you want to keep imagining the world complexly with us, check out Crash Course Business:
如果你想继续与我们一起想象世界的复杂性，
Entrepreneurship Learning Playlist, hosted by Anna Akana.
请收看安娜·阿卡纳主持的速成课程《商业：创业学习播放清单》。
In this 17-episode series, Anna will explore how to turn an idea into a successful business.
在这个17集的系列节目中，安娜将探索如何把一个想法转变成成功的企业。
Even from the very beginning, our first video can help you figure out if you want to be an entrepreneur, or if you already are.
即使从一开始，我们的首个视频就能帮你弄清，自己是否想成为企业家，还是已经成为了企业家。
You can find the link for the playlist in the description.
您可以在描述部分找到播放列表的链接。
