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At some point, most sexually active people will be infected with human papillomavirus, or 'HPV.'
在某些时候，多数性生活频繁的人会感染人类乳头瘤病毒，即HPV。
There are over 100 types of HPV, and most of the time the body eliminates infections without symptoms
HPV的类型超过100种，且多数还没有任何症状的时候身体就消除了感染，
but some strains can pose serious health risks down the line.
但某些菌株将来能产生健康风险。
HPV causes contact infections, which means the virus stays in the cells near the point of infection rather than spreading throughout the whole body.
HPV引起接触感染，这意味着病毒会留在感染点附近的细胞中，而不是遍布全身。
Since HPV is often transmitted through sexual activity, this usually means the cells of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, mouth and throat.
由于HPV一般经由性生活传播，所以通常指阴道、外阴、阴茎、肛门、口腔和喉咙的细胞。
We can test for HPV in cells from these areas, but while testing for the virus is scientifically possible, it isn't common.
我们可以检测这些部位细胞中的HPV，尽管对病毒进行检测科学上可行，但这并不常用。
The main reason is that, while there are treatments for the adverse health effects caused by HPV, there's no treatment for the virus itself.
其主要原因是，虽然针对HPV引起的不利健康影响有治疗方法，但对病毒本身却没有根治方法。
So testing for HPV would yield many, many positives, and although most of them won't be cause for concern,
因此，检测HPV会产生许多的阳性结果，尽管其中多数不会有什么问题，
there is still no treatment plan for clearing the body of the virus.
但仍没有清除病毒体的治疗方案。
But there are other good ways to protect yourself from HPV.
不过，还有其他好方法可保护你免受HPV的伤害。
We're going to walk through how HPV can cause harm, who's at risk, and how to minimize those risks.
我们将详细介绍HPV如何造成伤害、哪些人有风险、以及如何最大限度地降低这些风险。
The body's immune system is able to eradicate most strains of HPV before they cause any harm
身体的免疫系统能够在HPV病毒造成任何伤害之前就根除大多数HPV病毒，
and without people even knowing they've been infected.
甚至在人们不知道自己已被感染的情况下。
Certain other strains -- like HPV 6 and 11 -- cause abnormalities in the cells of the infected tissue, which can develop into genital warts.
某些其它菌株--如HPV6和11--可引起感染组织的细胞异常，它们可能发展成生殖器疣。
While these are infectious and require treatment, usually with topical creams, wart-causing strains don't create longer-term damage.
虽然这些疣有传染性且需治疗，通常使用外用乳膏，但引起疣的菌株不会造成长期损害。
But another 13 strains can cause DNA mutations that cause cells to divide at a much faster pace than normal,
但另外13种菌株可导致DNA突变，造成细胞以超快速度分裂，
propelling the development of cancerous growths.
刺激癌症生长的发展。
The cells of the cervix are especially at risks.
子宫颈细胞就面临高风险。
Two in particular -- HPV 16 and 18 -- are responsible for the majority of cases of cervical cancer,
特别是这两种病毒--HPV16和18--是造成宫颈癌的主要原因，
which is now the fourth most common type of cancer in women.
而现在，宫颈癌已是女性第四种常见癌症。
It can take up to 20 years for cancer symptoms to appear,
可能需长达20年才会出现癌症症状，
but with regular screening, we can discover cellular abnormalities in the cervix before they develop into cancer.
但通过定期筛查，我们可在其发展为癌症前，就发现宫颈细胞的异常。
Women over 21 can undergo a regular pap smear,
21岁以上的女性可以接受常规宫颈抹片检查，
where a sample of tissue is gently scraped from the lining of the cervix to test for abnormal cells.
从宫颈内膜轻轻刮取组织样本，以检测异常细胞。
A positive test doesn't mean the person has cervical cancer,
检测结果阳性并不意味着患有宫颈癌，
but rather that there are irregular cells in the cervix that could develop into cancer in the future.
而是指宫颈中存在将来可能发展为癌症的不规则细胞。
Patients are then either monitored with more frequent pap smears, or, for more severe irregularities, undergo a procedure called a colposcopy.
接下来患者要接受更频繁的宫颈抹片检查以监控癌变，或者，对于宫颈细胞严重不规则的患者，可接受阴道镜检查。
This involves a doctor examining the cervix through a microscope, and possibly taking a small biopsy of tissue for closer examination.
这需要医生通过显微镜检查宫颈，并可能进行小组织活检以进一步检查。
In some cases, the affected tissue may be removed.
在某些情况下，可移除感染组织。
HPV infections of the throat may lead to head and neck cancers, but for now there's no equivalent of the pap smear for the throat.
喉部HPV感染可导致头颈部癌症，但目前喉部还没有类似宫颈抹片的检查。
Using condoms helps prevent the spread of HPV during sex.
使用避孕套有助于防止性行为传播HPV。
And there are three safe, effective vaccines that all target HPV 16 and 18.
有三种针对HPV16和18的安全而有效的疫苗。
The vaccine comes in two or three doses a few months apart, and it's only beneficial if you receive them all.
疫苗分为二或三剂，间隔几个月，只有全部接种完后，你才会对此免疫。
Right now the vaccine is part of standard care for girls aged 11 to 18 in many countries
目前，在许多国家，该疫苗是11至18岁女孩的常规社保的一部分，
though it's increasingly becoming available to boys as well.
尽管越来越多的男孩也开始接种。
Adult women and men in countries including the United States and the United Kingdom can opt to receive the vaccine,
美英两国的成年女性和男性，可以选择接种该疫苗，
and evidence suggests that vaccination of women and men could reduce the worldwide incidence of cervical cancer by almost 90%.
有证据表明，男性和女性接种该疫苗可使全球宫颈癌发病率降低近90%。
Researchers are also developing an injection for people who are already infected with HPV 16 and 18,
对于已经感染HPV16和18的人，研究人员也在为他们研制一种针剂，
which would target the infected cells to stop them from developing into cancerous ones.
可以靶向受感染的细胞，阻止它们发展成为癌细胞。
So while there's still room for improvement in screening, treatment, and access to each,
因此，虽然在筛查、治疗以及获取以上两者方面仍有改进空间，
condom use, vaccination, and cervical screening can each reduce the harm caused by HPV.
但使用安全套、接种疫苗和宫颈筛查都可以减少HPV造成的危害。
