The Industrial Revolution was the transformation of economies dominated by agriculture and handicrafts to economies dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.

工业革命是以农业和手工业为主的经济体向以工业和机械制造业为主的经济体的转变。

The process began in 18th-century Britain and slowly spread to other parts of the world.

这一过程始于18世纪的英国，并慢慢传播到世界其他地区。

The Industrial Revolution involved technological changes, including the novel use of materials like iron and steel, the intensified use of energy sources like coal and steam, and the use of new inventions like the spinning jenny;

工业革命包括技术变革，包括钢铁等材料的全新使用，煤炭和蒸汽等能源的强化使用，以及多轴纺织机等新发明的使用；

socioeconomic changes, including the introduction of the factory system and a wider distribution of wealth;

社会经济变革，包括工厂制度的引入和更广泛的财富分配；

and cultural changes, including the growth of cities and development of worker's rights movements.

文化变革，包括城市的发展和工人权利运动的发展。

But that wasn't all: the period was also marked by the devaluation of skilled work and by unsafe working conditions, long hours, and child labor.

但这还不是全部：这一时期的特点还包括熟练工作的贬值、不安全的工作条件、长时间的工作和使用童工。

The creation of entirely new industries meant there were little to no standards as to how new workers should be treated,

全新工业的出现意味着几乎没有标准规定应该如何对待新工人，

and Arnold Toynbee, the English historian and reformer who popularized the term Industrial Revolution, even called it "a period as disastrous and as terrible as any through which a nation has ever passed."

英国历史学家和改革家阿诺德·汤因比(Arnold Toynbee)普及了工业革命一词，他甚至称之为“一个国家经历过的最灾难、最可怕的时期”。