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A blood shortage and the kicking of an aid addiction.
血液短缺和摆脱对援助的依赖。
Tragedy led Mariam Mwinyiusi to open a vein.
一场悲剧让玛丽亚姆·姆温尤西开始献血。
Last year her friend died when she could not get a blood transfusion in time.
去年，她的朋友因未能及时输血而去世。
"I can prevent it from happening to another person," she says at a blood bank in Nairobi, Kenya's capital.
她在肯尼亚首都内罗毕的一家血库说：“我可以防止这种情况发生在另一个人身上。”
Blood shortages have been a huge problem in Kenya - and many other parts of sub-Saharan Africa - for years.
多年来，血液短缺一直是肯尼亚和撒哈拉以南非洲许多地区的重大问题。
The cost is untold suffering, mainly of mothers and children.
它导致了难以形容的的痛苦，受害者主要是母亲和孩子。
Researchers at Imperial College in London found that almost 52% of children in three east African countries admitted to hospital with severe anaemia died if they did not receive blood transfusions within eight hours.
伦敦帝国理工学院的研究人员发现，在三个东非国家，因严重贫血入院的儿童中，如果未能在8小时内及时输血，死亡率达到近52%。
By contrast, 96% of those who got blood promptly survived.
相比之下，及时输血的儿童有96%能够幸存。
Other studies found that 26% of women who died in childbirth in sub-Saharan Africa could have been saved, had blood been available.
其他研究发现，如果及时输血，撒哈拉以南非洲地区死于分娩的妇女中有26%可以获救。
The World Health Organization estimates that 65,000 pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa die every year from blood loss.
世界卫生组织估计，撒哈拉以南非洲地区每年有6.5万名孕妇死于失血过多。
Kenya's government reckons that 35% of maternal deaths in 2020 were linked to blood shortages.
肯尼亚政府估计，2020年35%的产妇因血液短缺而死亡。
There are several reasons why Kenya has so little bottled blood.
肯尼亚的血液如此之少存在几个原因。
Until recently the government spent little on blood drives to attract donors, who tended to show up only when a friend or relative needed a pint.
直到不久之前，政府在吸引献血者献血的活动上投入的资金很少，人们往往只在朋友或亲戚需要输血时才会献一品脱血。
Many worry that if they give to the bank, they could then be left dry, should a relative need a top-up.
许多人担心，如果他们给血库献血，那么如果有人需要足量输血，他们可能会被抽干。
Yet before 2020 most of the funding for Kenya's blood service came from America through the President's Emergency Plan for aids Relief (PEPFAR).
在2020年前，肯尼亚血液服务的大部分资金来自美国的“总统防治艾滋病紧急救援计划”(PEPFAR)。
This focused mainly on ensuring that blood was tested to curb the spread of infections such as HIV, rather than on promoting donations.
该计划的主要目标是对血库的血液进行测试，以遏制艾滋等病毒的传播，而不是呼吁人们献血。
