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VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):乔治·克鲁克对抗印第安人的最后一仗

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Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English.
欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目。

During the eighteen hundreds, the federal government forced American Indians to live on lands called reservations.
在1800年期间，联邦政府强迫美国印第安人居住在称为保留地的土地上。

No longer could the Indians move freely over the Great Plains to hunt buffalo. White people were settling there. The situation resulted in violence.
印第安人再也不能自由地在大平原上捕猎水牛了。白人在那里定居，这种局势导致暴力发生。

This week in our series, Kay Gallant and Harry Monroe continue the story of the western wars.
在本周的系列节目中，凯·格兰特和哈里·门罗继续讲述西部战争的故事。

The government sent soldiers to force the Indians to move to reservations. But the soldiers could not keep them there.
政府派遣士兵迫使印第安人迁往保留地，但是士兵们没法把他们留在那里。

Groups of Indians would leave the reservations in the spring. They followed the buffalo across the plains.
成群的印第安人将在春天离开保留地，他们跟着水牛穿过平原。

Some raided the homes of white settlers. They stole horses and cattle. At the end of the summer, the Indians would return to the reservations. And the government would give them food for the winter.
一些人袭击了白人定居者的家，他们偷了马和牛。夏天结束时，印第安人会回到保留地。政府会给他们过冬的食物。

As years passed, fewer Indians left the reservations to live the old life on the plains. It became difficult to find buffalo. The plains were becoming empty.
随着时间的推移，离开保留地在平原上生活的印第安人越来越少。很难再找到水牛，平原变得一片空旷。

Only a few years before, millions of buffalo lived on the Great Plains. Then railroads were built across the country. White men came to claim the grasslands.
就在几年前，还有数百万的水牛生活在大平原上。后来全国都修建了铁路，白人占领了草原。

They put up fences. Cowboys came up from Texas with huge groups of cattle. They forced the buffalo away or killed them.
他们筑起篱笆，牛仔们带着大群的牛从得克萨斯州赶来。他们把水牛赶走或者杀死。

The Indians tried to prevent this killing. Angry groups of Indians often attacked white buffalo hunters. But the army was too strong. Soldiers killed or captured many Indians.
印第安人试图阻止这次屠杀，愤怒的印第安人经常袭击猎杀水牛的白人。但是军队太强大了。士兵杀死或俘虏了许多印第安人。

Finally, most Indians gave up the struggle. They surrendered their guns and horses. They went back to the reservations and became farmers.
最后，大多数印度人放弃了斗争。他们交出了枪支和马匹，返回保留地成为了农民。

All this was taking place in what is now the south-central part of the United States. Far to the north, another struggle was taking place involving the great Sioux Indian tribe.
所有这些都发生在现在的美国中南部地区。在遥远的北方，另一场斗争正在发生，其中涉及大苏族印第安部落。

The Sioux had signed a treaty with the government in eighteen sixty-eight. The treaty gave them a large reservation in what is now Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming.
1868年，苏人与政府签订了一项条约。条约给了他们在现在内布拉斯加州、南达科他州和怀俄明州的大量保留地。

The Black Hills in Dakota were part of the reservation. These hills were important to the Sioux. In their religion, the Black Hills were a holy place.
达科他州的黑山是保留地的一部分。这些山对苏族人来说很重要。在他们的宗教中，黑山是圣地。

They were the center of their world, where the gods lived. They were the place where Indian fighters went to speak with the Great Spirit.
是他们所在世界的中心，那里是众神居住的地方。印第安战士去到黑山和伟大的灵魂交谈。

In eighteen seventy-three, the Black Hills suddenly became important to white men, too. Gold was discovered there.
1873年，黑山突然对白人也变得很重要。在那里发现了黄金。

Treaties and religion meant nothing to the white miners who rushed to the Black Hills to search for gold. At first, the Indians killed some of the miners. They chased others away. But more miners came.
条约和宗教对那些奔赴黑山寻找黄金的白人采矿人来说毫无意义。起初，印第安人杀害了一些采矿人，把其他人赶走了。但是，更多的采矿人来了。

The Sioux tribe asked the government to enforce the treaty. Tribal leaders asked the government to keep white men away from the reservation.
苏族部落要求政府执行条约，部落首领要求政府让白人远离保留地。

The army sent soldiers to remove the miners. The soldiers ordered the miners to leave. But they made no effort to enforce the order.
军队派士兵去移除采矿人，士兵们命令采矿人离开。但他们并未努力执行命令。

Again the Indians protested. This time, the government sent officials to negotiate a new treaty. It asked the Sioux Indians to give up the Black Hills.
印第安人再次抗议。这次，政府派官员就一项新条约前去谈判。它要求苏族印第安人放弃黑山。

Some of the Indian leaders refused to negotiate. One who rejected the invitation was Sitting Bull.
一些印第安首领拒绝谈判，拒绝邀请的人是苏族酋长坐着的公牛（Sitting Bull）。

"I do not want to sell any land to the government," Chief Sitting Bull said. He held a little dust between his fingers. "Not even this much."
“我不想把任何土地卖给政府，”酋长坐着的公牛说。他手指间夹着一点灰尘。“甚至不会有这么多。”

This resistance did not stop government efforts to get the Black Hills for the miners.
这次抵抗并没有阻止政府让采矿人开采黑山的努力。

The War Department sent General George Crook to punish the Indians and force them back to their reservation. Crook led a large force into Sioux country. He surprised an Indian village, capturing hundreds of horses.
作战部派出乔治·克鲁克将军来惩罚印第安人，迫使他们返回保留地。克鲁克率领一支大军进入苏族土地，他惊动了一个印第安村庄，俘获了数百匹马。

There was another clash a few months later. This time, the result was very different. The Indians gave the army its worst defeat in almost a century.
几个月后又发生了一次冲突。这次，结果大不相同。印第安人让政府军队领教了近一个世纪以来最惨烈的失败。

The battle took place near the Little Bighorn River. General George Custer led two hundred twelve soldiers in search of the Indian leader, Crazy Horse.
战斗在小比格霍恩河附近爆发。乔治·卡斯特将军率领212名士兵寻找印第安领袖疯马（Crazy Horse）。

As General Custer moved through the river valley, he sent men ahead to explore the area.
当卡斯特将军穿过河谷时，他派人前去探查该地区。

His men returned with reports that thousands of Indians were waiting to attack. Custer refused to listen. He pushed forward.
他的部下回来时报告说，数千名印第安人正等着发动袭击。卡斯特拒绝听取这些信息，他向前推进队伍。

Soon, his forces were surrounded by Indians. In less than an hour, the Indians killed the general and every one of his men.
很快，他的军队就被印第安人包围了。不到一个小时，印第安人杀死了将军和他的所有手下。

The white soldiers lay dead at Little Bighorn. And Custer's name would go down in history as a symbol of foolish pride in battle.
白人士兵死在了小比格霍恩。卡斯特的名字将作为战争中愚蠢骄傲的象征载入史册。

The battle at Little Bighorn was a serious defeat for the United States Army. But the Indians' victory did not last long.
小比格霍恩战役是美国军队的一次严重失败，但是印第安人的胜利并未持续太久。

Within a year, the army forced most of the Sioux to surrender. It took the Black Hills for the miners. It moved the Indians to a new reservation.
一年之内，军队迫使苏族大部分人投降，为采矿人夺走了黑山。它把印第安人搬到了一个新的保留地。

In the next few years, the same thing happened to other Indian tribes throughout the West. Under great pressure from white settlers, the government took land from the Indians and opened it to settlement. The size of Indian reservations was reduced again and again.
在接下来的几年里，同样的事情发生在整个西部的其他印第安部落。在白人定居者的巨大压力下，政府从印第安人手中夺走土地，还开放给定居点。印第安人保留地的面积一再缩小。

One by one, the Indian tribes of the West changed. Their fierce fighters became farmers who needed government help. They were weak and broken in spirit.
西部的印第安部落一个接一个地发生了变化，他们的激进分子成了需要政府帮助的农民。他们变得虚弱，心灵受到重压。

One Indian leader named Black Elk described the situation best. He was a survivor of a battle at a place called Wounded Knee. Many Indian women and children had died there. Years later, Black Elk said:
一位名叫“黑麋鹿”的印第安首领最恰当地描述了当时的情况，他是伤膝河战役的幸存者。许多印第安妇女和儿童都在那里丧生。几年后，黑麋鹿说：

"I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the dead lying all over the ground.
“当时我不知道伤亡数量。当我现在从这座岁月久远的高山上回望过去时，我仍然能看到遍地都是战死的人。

And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried. A people's dream died there."
我还能看到在血淋淋的泥泞中有死去的东西，然后被埋葬了。一个民族的梦想在那里破灭了。”

Some Indians turned to religion during this difficult time. An Indian religious leader named Wavoka gained influence.
一些印度安人在这个困难时期皈依了宗教，一位名叫瓦沃卡的印第安宗教领袖获得了影响力。

Wavoka declared that the Great Spirit had chosen him to prepare the Indians for a new world. He said the new world would arrive soon. And it would be a wonderful world. There would be no white men, he said. And all dead Indians would come back to life.
瓦沃卡宣称伟大的灵魂选择了他，让印第安人为新世界做准备。他说，新世界很快就会到来。这将是一个美好的世界，不会有白人。所有死去的印第安人都会复活。

Wavoka warned that new soil would rise up and cover the world like a flood. He said Indians could escape destruction by dancing a special dance. It was called the Ghost Dance.
瓦沃卡警告说，新的土壤将崛起，像洪水一样覆盖整个世界。他说，印第安人可以通过跳一种特殊的舞蹈来逃避毁灭，这种舞叫鬼神舞。

Wavoka said the Ghost Dance would make Indians powerful. He said it would even protect them from bullets fired by the white men's guns.
瓦沃卡说，鬼神舞将使印第安人强大。他说，这甚至可以保护他们不受白人枪炮的攻击。

Thousands of Indians in the American west listened to Wavoka's message. They believed him. And they began to dance for long hours every day.
美国西部成千上万的印第安人听取了瓦沃卡的教义，他们相信了他，开始每天长时间跳舞。

On the Sioux reservations, all other activities stopped. Children no longer went to school. No one did anything but dance.
在苏族保留地，其他所有活动都停止了。孩子们不再上学，除了跳舞没人干别的事情。

All this frightened white officials. They tried to arrest some Indian leaders to stop the dancing. The arrests led to fighting.
这让白人官员很害怕，他们试图逮捕一些印第安人首领，想阻止他们跳舞。

And the fighting led to a final battle in which the army defeated the Indians completely. The Indian wars were over.
抓捕行动导致了争斗，而这场争斗引发了最后一场战争。在战斗中，军队彻底打败了印第安人。印第安战争就此结束。

Wavoka himself told his followers: "Our trails are covered with grass and sand. We cannot find them. Today I call upon you to travel a new trail.
瓦沃卡告诉他的追随者：“我们的路上覆盖着杂草和沙子，我们找不到这些路。今天，我请你们走一条新路。

It is the only trail now open -- the White man's road."
这是唯一一条开放的道路，它叫做白人之路。”

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就在几年前，还有数百万的水牛生活在大平原上k(26ie^rVMdyGOJk。后来全国都修建了铁路，白人占领了草原agaL.c9wup。他们筑起篱笆，牛仔们带着大群的牛从得克萨斯州赶来#9e4;g0gu=H6HUE4。他们把水牛赶走或者杀死4osdEDZEP*]1d。印第安人试图阻止这次屠杀，愤怒的印第安人经常袭击猎杀水牛的白人#mU*j[|zl];rzS^。但是军队太强大了;)!q3m#@!zQSz#f。士兵杀死或俘虏了许多印第安人7)7p~4Y3=Vuu。最后，大多数印度人放弃了斗争f(r6PS9_B[T[Gs。他们交出了枪支和马匹，返回保留地成为了农民qHKwxQVeTAgPc。所有这些都发生在现在的美国中南部地区.G~((&EG-w,%7(ry。在遥远的北方，另一场斗争正在发生，其中涉及大苏族印第安部落R|Z4twYI7fZV。1868年，苏人与政府签订了一项条约qV(8JW+4i*AgS。条约给了他们在现在内布拉斯加州、南达科他州和怀俄明州的大量保留地6.=lQ]2Tlxy#DNI。达科他州的黑山是保留地的一部分=)[#|zF)DYW+。这些山对苏族人来说很重要uz2tum1moTHV9rfW[uRZ。在他们的宗教中，黑山是圣地，是他们所在世界的中心，那里是众神居住的地方AVV|LeUn9QSI。印第安战士去到黑山和伟大的灵魂交谈3+-4fiWX-^60H|EeV。1873年，黑山突然对白人也变得很重要PxBL,QmmY_=mJ,fE2v。在那里发现了黄金Y0QJe~7akl&1[kCCi。条约和宗教对那些奔赴黑山寻找黄金的白人采矿人来说毫无意义YF*RBagzqUA。起初，印第安人杀害了一些采矿人，把其他人赶走了xe^4Y.#^a57;6;hHz。但是，更多的采矿人来了Qe|E^xO2&-WnQa。
苏族部落要求政府执行条约，部落首领要求政府让白人远离保留地BdgB;2M38J85~PE。军队派士兵去移除采矿人，士兵们命令采矿人离开mSd~DKuFxpiU。但他们并未努力执行命令scwGs(DtAGB.NG~j2,FT。印第安人再次抗议mdWRTa|]%]k。这次，政府派官员就一项新条约前去谈判o~pckTN~bMuStOTratDw。它要求苏族印第安人放弃黑山g5fq18a]r8g9xtt。一些印第安首领拒绝谈判，拒绝邀请的人是苏族酋长坐着的公牛（Sitting Bull）|ajJF]_0Kkk。“我不想把任何土地卖给政府，”酋长坐着的公牛说XRA+VPkVXuN6C#e[dH,0。他手指间夹着一点灰尘hSd9LnT^HNJf4D[TX。“甚至不会有这么多x8fCK.QBcezm&Q-.。”这次抵抗并没有阻止政府让采矿人开采黑山的努力Fnzr^3[17t]~7DdeTQ。作战部派出乔治·克鲁克将军来惩罚印第安人，迫使他们返回保留地Smg^AP8nm3n2HKB)vD。克鲁克率领一支大军进入苏族土地，他惊动了一个印第安村庄，俘获了数百匹马wK0nrg!EvAba0xr=(|。几个月后又发生了一次冲突bj5ylM.WBv。这次，结果大不相同h@~r79H*M_oX。印第安人让政府军队领教了近一个世纪以来最惨烈的失败xbus1rvcKA。战斗在小比格霍恩河附近爆发&4KIE|YWYF4%NLRg。乔治·卡斯特将军率领212名士兵寻找印第安领袖疯马（Crazy Horse）|-Ht6_W7j9i%I#Q。当卡斯特将军穿过河谷时，他派人前去探查该地区ue7q+#5y*)3yGi]D。他的部下回来时报告说，数千名印第安人正等着发动袭击z*irJoLSHvh。卡斯特拒绝听取这些信息，他向前推进队伍3#Vh[3aT8JG|L。
很快，他的军队就被印第安人包围了D#&||l#fMtDd22JjsM35。不到一个小时，印第安人杀死了将军和他的所有手下_7-MeD9a64N))K^bt1。白人士兵死在了小比格霍恩XE_ZFC,(51_*+.!Fdl。卡斯特的名字将作为战争中愚蠢骄傲的象征载入史册oqR_fHC2T&2yJGqo。小比格霍恩战役是美国军队的一次严重失败，但是印第安人的胜利并未持续太久@m[*n#Ug#C。一年之内，军队迫使苏族大部分人投降，为采矿人夺走了黑山;Xpl5;djFPkeBmM1#。它把印第安人搬到了一个新的保留地o^WLWJ(Gk5pX~mA7HF5U。在接下来的几年里，同样的事情发生在整个西部的其他印第安部落Jq.Y!mq@6k8]|SNFH0。在白人定居者的巨大压力下，政府从印第安人手中夺走土地，还开放给定居点MyDsV-zizD+e3ke~2B。印第安人保留地的面积一再缩小%Gr_ynK2#9。西部的印第安部落一个接一个地发生了变化，他们的激进分子成了需要政府帮助的农民KUK44l,CEx=。他们变得虚弱，心灵受到重压M,S~YUh&EYdwdB。一位名叫“黑麋鹿”的印第安首领最恰当地描述了当时的情况，他是伤膝河战役的幸存者fl7q^~])#d*mRkh7*fYN。许多印第安妇女和儿童都在那里丧生z^~-K+rXvp_QvjCcar|n。几年后，黑麋鹿说：“当时我不知道伤亡数量i=zz2mP~[Jf。当我现在从这座岁月久远的高山上回望过去时，我仍然能看到遍地都是战死的人p0mjA1PZ+lbdXnn6j。我还能看到在血淋淋的泥泞中有死去的东西，然后被埋葬了kBHT]J|Gp&7FIwP^。一个民族的梦想在那里破灭了7&l&ZG;_klgqE@K|。”
一些印度安人在这个困难时期皈依了宗教，一位名叫瓦沃卡的印第安宗教领袖获得了影响力k*)guf4BUL*qx。瓦沃卡宣称伟大的灵魂选择了他，让印第安人为新世界做准备wjZj.mg_GB0*|_x。他说，新世界很快就会到来iR~8(bm]M|DAn]-TbT_a。这将是一个美好的世界，不会有白人04CLcpH6XAnvhujsQb=N。所有死去的印第安人都会复活w[FqKR.D!=M^xe,X。瓦沃卡警告说，新的土壤将崛起，像洪水一样覆盖整个世界4Adq&uV7XrhT=&6&s。他说，印第安人可以通过跳一种特殊的舞蹈来逃避毁灭，这种舞叫鬼神舞w.v[!qDMYRKBtO。瓦沃卡说，鬼神舞将使印第安人强大G-Z]P^O;3o+(tZgZcga3。他说，这甚至可以保护他们不受白人枪炮的攻击BGJgdaSHYL5Tq=pbKne(。美国西部成千上万的印第安人听取了瓦沃卡的教义，他们相信了他，开始每天长时间跳舞3i|j;9A9bxKR。在苏族保留地，其他所有活动都停止了!%8zs&1wGrs^C+9Q@pT1。孩子们不再上学，除了跳舞没人干别的事情+;tt7E!QcYx;。这让白人官员很害怕，他们试图逮捕一些印第安人首领，想阻止他们跳舞*pT(Wff61S,0p~y.~T_。抓捕行动导致了争斗，而这场争斗引发了最后一场战争4m%I4BU!)ROX;nLTC!。在战斗中，军队彻底打败了印第安人DzXMYD2XkVQ,Y_#m=l。印第安战争就此结束XbOs(MPzm8g2LPYeuif9。瓦沃卡告诉他的追随者：“我们的路上覆盖着杂草和沙子，我们找不到这些路[ZBORl]NG(rRDTF。今天，我请你们走一条新路o=swbt;!9b。这是唯一一条开放的道路，它叫做白人之路qrk#i1l&RGY。”

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重点单词		查看全部解释
clash	[klæʃ]	想一想再看 n. 冲突，撞击声，抵触 vt. 冲突，抵触，	联想记忆 X 单词clash 联想记忆：不仔细看clash＝dash（v 猛冲，猛撞）－冲突，撞击
enforce	[in'fɔ:s]	想一想再看 vt. 实施，执行，强制，强迫，加强	联想记忆 X 单词enforce 联想记忆： force（n 力量；vt 强制）
resistance	[ri'zistəns]	想一想再看 n. 抵抗力，反抗，反抗行动;阻力，电阻;反对	联想记忆 X 单词resistance 联想记忆： re反＋sist站立+ance→反抗；抵抗力
defeat	[di'fi:t]	想一想再看 n. 败北，挫败 vt. 战胜，击败	联想记忆 X 单词defeat 联想记忆： de使变坏，feat（n 功绩）－使没有功绩－击败
pressure	['preʃə]	想一想再看 n. 压力，压强，压迫 v. 施压	联想记忆 X 单词pressure 联想记忆： press挤压+ure→压力
destruction	[di'strʌkʃən]	想一想再看 n. 破坏，毁灭，破坏者	联想记忆 X 单词destruction 联想记忆： de坏+struct建立+ion→毁灭
explore	[iks'plɔ:]	想一想再看 v. 探险，探测，探究	联想记忆 X 单词explore 联想记忆： ex出，plore原指为了提醒场上队员的大喊－挖出东西后的大喊－探索
surrender	[sə'rendə]	想一想再看 v. 投降，让与，屈服 n. 投降，屈服，放弃	联想记忆 X 单词surrender 联想记忆： sur上面，render给予－把枪放过头顶－投降
frightened	['fraitnd]	想一想再看 adj. 受惊的，受恐吓的
treaty	['tri:ti]	想一想再看 n. 条约，协定	联想记忆 X 单词treaty 联想记忆： treat（v 对待；处理；谈判），y－做出处理的文件－条约