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Researchers have found that about 321,000 undocumented and asylum-seeking children from Central America went to American schools from 2017 to 2019.
研究人员发现，从2017年至2019年，来自中美洲的约32.1万名无证和寻求庇护的儿童在美国学校上学。
The research was by the Rand Corporation, a nonprofit group based in California.
这项研究是由总部位于加利福尼亚州的非营利性组织兰德公司进行的。
During that same time period, the United States saw a large increase in undocumented immigrants entering the country through the southern border, mostly from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, the study says.
该研究称，在同一时期，通过南部边境进入美国的非法移民大幅增加，其中大部分来自墨西哥、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和洪都拉斯。
The report estimates that 491,000 of the immigrants who remained in the United States were children, meaning just 65 percent enrolled in school.
报告估计，留在美国的移民中有49.1万人是儿童，这意味着移民的入学率只有65%。
About 75 percent of the 321,000 students went to school in 10 states: California, Texas, Florida, New York, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia and Louisiana.
在32.1万名学生中，约75%的人在10个州上学：加利福尼亚州、得克萨斯州、佛罗里达州、纽约州、弗吉尼亚州、马里兰州、新泽西州、北卡罗来纳州、佐治亚州和路易斯安那州。
When inside the country, U.S. federal law guarantees children an education without considering their immigration status.
在美国境内，在不考虑儿童移民身份的情况下，美国联邦法律保障儿童接受教育。
U.S. Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said he supports undocumented students' right to a public education.
美国教育部长米格尔·卡多纳表示，他支持无证学生享有公共教育的权利。
That is a contrast from former Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, who testified to Congress that school districts should be able to decide whether to report undocumented students to immigration officials.
这与前教育部长贝齐·德沃斯形成了鲜明对比。德沃斯在国会作证时表示，学区应该有权决定是否向移民官员报告无证学生。
Cardona said in an interview with Newsweek that "when there are students that are here that need to be educated, we have an obligation.
卡多纳在接受《新闻周刊》采访时说：“当这里有需要接受教育的学生时，我们有义务（向他们提供受教育的机会）。
Whether or not that means they have different rights, I'll leave that to others.
不管这是否意味着他们拥有不同的权利，我都会把这个机会留给其他人。
But when it comes to education, every student should get an education when they're here."
但说到教育，在这里的每个学生都应该接受教育。”
Many states offer different levels of support to immigrants, both documented and undocumented, as well as to refugees.
许多州向有证件和无证件的移民以及难民提供不同程度的支持。
That can affect the quality of their education argue the Rand researchers.
兰德公司的研究人员认为，这可能会影响他们的教育质量。
Some states give students more financial aid while some limit enrollment based on age.
一些州给予学生更多的经济援助，而一些州则根据年龄限制入学。
Some states give undocumented students access to lower in-state tuition to public universities, but others do not.
一些州允许无证学生以较低的学费上本州的公立大学，但另一些州则不允许。
Undocumented, asylum-seeking and refugee students face great difficulties while seeking an education.
无证学生、寻求庇护的学生和难民学生在寻求教育的过程中面临着巨大的困难。
They can face trauma, language barriers, culture shock and a lack of basic needs like food and shelter.
他们可能会面临创伤、语言障碍、文化冲击以及食物和住所等基本需求的匮乏。
Some have never had a formal education.
有些人从未接受过正规教育。
The Rand research focused on two districts that serve a large population of undocumented and asylum-seeking students: Jefferson Parish Schools in Louisiana and Oakland Unified School District in California.
兰德公司的研究集中在两个为大量无证学生和寻求庇护的学生提供服务的校区：路易斯安那州的杰斐逊教区学校和加利福尼亚州的奥克兰联合学区。
Both districts faced teacher and worker shortages.
这两个校区都面临着教师和员工短缺的问题。
But the study noted several ways the districts were able to meet the challenges faced by that population of students.
但该研究指出，这些校区能够通过一些方式来应对这些学生面临的挑战。
The two districts provided language supports to students and families, and guaranteed in-person enrollment.
这两个校区为学生和家庭提供语言支持，并保证入学现场登记。
The districts also hired workers to help students with social and emotional needs.
这些校区还聘请了员工来帮助有社会和情感需求的学生。
Many districts were not ready for the increase in undocumented students, the researchers say.
研究人员说，许多校区还没有准备好应对无证学生的增加。
Rand estimates that 2,000 more teachers and workers were needed in the seven states with the largest number of new students to keep classes the same size.
兰德公司估计，为了保持班级规模不变，在新生人数最多的七个州还需要2000多名教师和工作人员。
The study also points to a need for more teacher training, mental health services and funding to districts with growing numbers of immigrants.
该研究还指出，移民人数不断增加的校区需要更多的教师培训、心理健康服务和资金。
The pandemic slowed all immigration to the United States in 2020, the study noted.
该研究指出，2020年，疫情减缓了所有移民到美国的速度。
But the U.S. has experienced "an unprecedented number of migrants" at the southern border this year, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas told reporters in August.
但美国国土安全部部长亚历杭德罗·马约卡斯今年8月对记者说，美国南部边境今年出现了“前所未有的移民数量”。
In addition, President Joe Biden has also asked Congress for funding to resettle 95,000 Afghans by September 2022.
此外，美国总统乔·拜登还要求国会拨款，以在2022年9月之前重新安置9.5万名阿富汗人。
Leslie Villegas is an education researcher with The New America Foundation.
莱斯利·维勒加斯是新美国基金会的教育研究员。
She said that fewer than half of U.S. states track students with limited formal education, who are often undocumented immigrants and refugees.
她说，只有不到一半的美国州份追踪受过有限正规教育的学生，这些学生往往是非法移民和难民。
Without that information, Villegas said, it can be hard to know what sort of resources districts need to support those students.
维勒加斯说，如果没有这些信息，就很难知道校区需要什么样的资源来支持这些学生。
"Often, these are kids who have experienced trauma and face real barriers in how they interact with the education system — if they've ever interacted with the education system at all," she said.
她说：“通常情况下，这些孩子都经历过创伤，在如何与教育系统互动方面面临真正的障碍——如果他们曾经与教育系统互动过的话。”
I'm Dan Novak.
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