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反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。反义疑问句提出情况和看法，问对方同意不同意，这种问句都由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句，如前一部分为肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分为否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分的时态要一致。
反意疑问句主要有下列两种形式：
1．肯定的陈述句 ＋ 否定的附加疑问。例如：
That car is running fast, isn't it?
2．否定的陈述句 ＋ 肯定的附加疑问。 例如：
That car isn't running fast, is it?
几点应该注意的情况：
1．当陈述句部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等合成词时， 加疑问部分中的主语 在非正式文体中往往用 they。例如：
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn't they?
2. 当陈述部分是 there- 存在句时，附加疑问句部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
There's no help for it, is there?
There's something wrong, isn't there?
3. 陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
Bob rarely got drunk, did he?
Few people know him, do they?
She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
4．如果陈述部分是 I'm … 结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren't I. 例如：
I'm late, aren't I?
5. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one 作主语，附加疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用 one，在非正式场合用 you。例如：
One can't be too careful, can one/can you?
6. 当陈述部分是一个带有 that-分词作宾语的主从结构时，附加疑问部分一般应与主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。例如：
She says (that) I did it, doesn't she?
但是，当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时，附加疑问部分则往往与that-
分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。例如：
I suppose (that) he's serious, isn't he?
I don't think (that) she cares, doesn't she?
7． 当陈述部分带有表示"所有"含义的动词 have 时，附加疑问部分既可以用have形式，也可用do 形式；如果陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式，附加疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：
You have a Rolls-Royce, haven't you/don't you?
He hasn't a lot of time to spare, has he?
Miss Smith doesn't have any money in her pocket, does she?
当陈述部分的have不表示"所有"而表示其他含义时，附加疑问部分则用do形式。例如：
You often have headaches, don't you?
She had a good time yesterday, didn't she?
8. 陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to时，附加疑问部分在英国英语中仍用ought to形式，但在美国英语中常用should形式。例如：
The child ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
We ought to go there, shouldn't we?
9. 陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，附加疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。例如：
The Greens used to live in the country, usedn't they?
He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day, didn't he?
10. 陈述部分带有情态动词needn't时，附加疑问部分常用need，但有时也可用must。例如：
You needn't go yet, need you?
He needn't do that, must he?
11. 陈述部分带有情态动词must表示"必须"时，附加疑问部分用mustn't。例如：
You must work hard next term, mustn't you?
当陈述部分的must表示"有必要"时，附加疑问部分则用needn't。例如：
You must go home right now, needn't you?
当mustn't表示"禁止"时，附加疑问部分一般用must。例如：
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
当陈述部分的must 表示"一定"、"想必"等推测意义时，附加疑问部分不用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的主动词或助动词形式。例如：
He must be very tired, isn't he? (He must be very tired = I'm sure he is very tired.)
He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he? (He must have waited…= I'm sure he has waited …)
You must have seen the play last week, didn't you? (You must have seen…= I am sure you saw…)
12. 在由"祈使句＋附加疑问"构成的附加疑问问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you 等。例如：
Don't move the chair, will you?
Be quiet, would you?
Give me some cigarettes, can you?
Be quiet, can't you?
但是，以let's 开首的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we。例如：
Let's go camping, shall we?
Let's stop here, shall we?
以Let us开首的祈使句，如果含义是 allow us，不包括听话人在内时，附加疑问部分则用will you。例如：
Let us go now, will you?
Let us have a look at your book, will you?
13．当陈述部分是并列句，疑问部分通常与最临近的分句保持一致。例如：
He is a teacher，but his wife is an engineer，isn't she?
语法练习
1. I'm afraid that he is afraid of being punished , ______？ A
A. isn't she B.aren't I
C. am I D.should she
分析
正确答案是 A。部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。又如：
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
2. He must be in the next classroom, _______？ D
A. must he B.mustn't he
C.needn't he D.isn't he
分析
正确答案是 D。陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定表示推测意义时，反意问句的动词要与推测部分的动词相一致。又如：
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
3.We have to get the work done tomorrow, _______ ? C
A.haven't we B.have we
C. don't we D.must we
分析
正确答案是 C。陈述部分有have to v. (had to v.)，疑问部分常用don't 主语（didn't 主语）。
4.You'd like to go to the movie with me, _______? A
A. wouldn't you B.will you
C.do you D.shall we
分析
正确答案是 A。陈述部分有You'd like to v. 疑问部分用wouldn't 主语。
5.No one phoned me this morning, __________? C
A. didn't you B.didn't he
C.did they D.didn't they
分析
正确答案是 C。当陈述部分有everyone, someone, no one, anyone等表示人的不定代词作主语时，"尾巴"中的主语用单复数都可以。又如：
Everyone is here, isn't he/ aren't they？
No one liked this film, did he/ did they？
6.Tom had been to Beijing many times, he should have been in China now, _____shouldn't he? C
A.hadn't he B.is he
C.shouldn't he D.hasn't he
分析
正确答案是 C。由"but、and、or"引导的并列句，反意问句按邻近一致的原则。
Tom is a doctor, but his wife is a language teacher, isn't she?
7.Be quiet, _______? D
A.are you B.must you
C.don't you D.won't you
分析
正确答案是 D。肯定祈使句 ＋ will you ? 多表"请求"。
Come here early next time, will you?
肯定祈使句 ＋ won't you ? 多表"提醒注意"。
Listen to me attentively, won't you?
表邀请，请求多用 will you ，但也可根据需要选用其他形式。
Sing us a song, would you?
Turn off the light, won't you?
表提醒某人做某事 ，除 won't you 外 ，还可用 would you ,can you 等。
Do write down your name have, would you?
Stop talking, can you?
8.You haven't a lot of money, ________？ C
A. do you B. haven't you
C. have you D. don't you
分析
正确答案是 C。动词have (has) 当"有"的意思讲时，尾巴中的谓语还是用have (has)的相应形式（前肯后否，前否后肯）。如：
He has a lot of books, hasn't he?
9.They had a sports meeting, ________？ B
A.had they B.didn't they
C.did they D.hadn't they
分析
正确答案是 B。当have与其它词构成某些短语，have本身已不再是"有"的意思时，尾巴中的谓语就要用do的相应形式。
10.I am not a driver, ______？ A
A.am I B. aren't I
C.am not I D.are I
分析
正确答案是 A。当主语是第一人称单数（即"I"），谓语部分是am时，其反意问句用aren't；如果谓语是am not时，反意问句用am，如：
I am reading this article, aren't I？
11.Let us go to the movies, _______will you？ D
A.won't you B. shall we
C.will we D.will you
分析
正确答案是 D。Let's和Let us表示意思不同，反意问句也不同：
Let's中的us已与let融为一体，所以Let's中的us既包括说话人又包括听话人，二者同属一方，表示建议，反意问句用"shall we？"； 而Let us中的us只代表说话人自己一方，不包括听话人，表示请求，反意问句用"will you？"。 否定的Let's not，反意问句用"OK？"或"all right？" 如：
Let's go to the movies, shall we？
Let's not go to the dance, OK/ all right？
12.She dislikes talking to strangers, _______? B
A.does she B. doesn't she
C.isn't it D.is it
分析
正确答案是 B。当陈述部分含有由 un, in , im, il, ir 等否定前缀构成的派生词时，虽意思是"不"，但疑问部分仍要用否定式。
13. I think there is something wrong with the computer, ______? C
A.do I B. don't I
C.isn't there D.isn't it
分析
正确答案是 C。当陈述部分主句的主、谓是 I (We) think(believe, imagine, expect, feel 等)加 that 引导的宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语（代词）和动词要与从句的一致。
非谓语动词
2.非谓语动词用作宾语
3.非谓语动词用作定语
4.非谓语动词用作状语
5.非谓语动词用作宾补
非谓语动词为英语自学考试中出题最多的题型，重点考查不定式，分词和动名词
的句法功能。下面就非谓语动词的用法作一简要概述。
【用作主语】
非谓语动词能用作主语的只有不定式和动名词，它们在这一用法上略有区别：
1. 表示抽象的概念时，可用不定式或动名词作主语；表示个别的，具体的动作或
表示将来的意思时，只能用不定式作主语。
① To solve the problem is out of question. 解决这个问题不在话下。
（表示个别，具体的动作，不用动名词短语solving the problem作主语。）
② We can not accept this idea. To accept it means to give up our stand.
我们不能接受这个观点，接受它就意味着放弃了我们自己的立场。
（To accept表示一种将来的含义。）
2. 1）不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时常用形式主语it引导。有时两者可互用。
It is not easy to master (mastering) a foreign language. 掌握一门外语不容易。
2）但在It is no good/ use / help/ point/ sense …, 和There is no … 等句式中，一般用动名词,不可用不定式代替。
① There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶撒了，哭也没有用。
② It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.
给他写信一点用也没有，他从不回信。
Is there any good trying to explain? 解释会有用吗
3）不定式的复合结构常用"It be adj. for 代词宾格 不定式"的句式，其中不定式是真正的主语，代词宾格为它的逻辑主语。
① It is necessary for us to do some more practice. 我们必须多做一些练习。
② That is really kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。
（在口语中，如果形容词和逻辑主语的关系很密切，常用of代替for，组成习惯用法。）
【用作宾语】
不定式和动名词均可用作宾语。
1. 一些动词要求用不定式作宾语，常见的有：afford, agree, ask, want, hope, decide, like, wish, try, learn, except, prefer, begin, help, offer, start, fail, plan, promise, refuse, 等动词。
I can not afford to buy a new car. 我买不起一辆新车。
2. 一些动词要求用动名词作宾语，常见的有：enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, mind, suggest, practise, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, quit, risk, stop, miss, complete, escape, mention, favor等动词。
①He still did not admit stealing the diamond. 他仍然不承认偷了钻石。
②You should practise speaking English as much as possible. 你应该多练习说英语。
3. 有些动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词作宾语。这有几种情况：
1）如like, begin, start, want, love, hate, attempt, continue, intend, prefer等动词，跟不定式或动名词作宾语意思差别不太大。一般说来，用动名词表示的是抽象的，时间不确定的动作；用不定式表示的是具体的，确切的动作。
① I like walking to school. 我喜欢步行去上学。（表示一个总体抽象的概念）
② I would like to walk to school today. 我今天想步行去上学。（表示一个具体的，确切的动作）
2) 有些动词，如stop, remember, forget, try, propose, mean, regret等，后接不定式和接动名词意思不同。
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
remember/forget to do 记得/忘了要去做某事
remember/forget doing 记得/忘了做过某事
try to do 努力，企图
try doing 试一试某种方法
regret to do 对尚未做或正在做的事表示遗憾
regret doing 对做过的事表示后悔
mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着
propose to do 打算做某事
propose doing 建议做某事
① I do not remember ever meeting that man. 我不记得见过那个人。
Please remember to phone me when you get there. 请到那儿之后给我打电话。
② I propose resting for half an hour. 我建议休息半个小时。
I propose to go to London this summer. 我打算夏天到伦敦去。
③ I regret to tell you that you lost the game. 我非常遗憾地通知你，你输了。
3) 有些动词，如advise, admit, allow, authorize, bear, consider, like,encourage, forbid, intend, permit, recommend等，可同时用于"主语 动词 动名词"和"主语 动词 宾语 不定式"的结构中。
① They encouraged learning English by radio. 他们鼓励通过收音机学英语。
They encouraged me to learn English by radio. 他们鼓励我通过收音机学英语。
② She recommended visiting the Great Wall. 她推荐游览长城。
She recommended us to visit the Great Wall. 她建议我们游览长城。
4）need, want, require, deserve, demand, bear等动词后，跟不定式时，用被动形式表示被动含义；跟动名词时，用主动形式表被动含义。注意：此时主语多为物。
This book deserves mentioning / to be mentioned. 这本书值得一提。
The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 屋子需要打扫了。
【用作定语】
1. 不定式，动名词和分词都可作定语。
1）不定式作定语，一般后置，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系。因此，如不定式为不及物动词，需带相应的介词。
The subject I am going to write about is rather interesting.
我正要写的这个题目十分有意思。（write 后需加上介词about）
2）动名词作定语相当于名词作定语，一般前置。
① a swimming pool 游泳池
② reading material 阅读材料
3）分词作定语相当于形容词作定语，单个分词作定语一般前置（但单个过去分词
常后置），分词短语总是后置。
Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space.
物质是一种名称，用来指任何一个有重量占空间的东西。
2. 分词与不定式作定语的区别：
1）现在分词作定语表示事实，正在进行之事；不定式作定语表示目的，忠告，将
要做之事。
2）分词作定语时，单个分词作定语一般前置（但单个过去分词常后置），分词短
语总是后置；不定式作定语，一般后置，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系
或主谓关系。
① The next train to arrive was from New York.下一辆到站的列车是从纽约开来的。（train和arrive构成主谓关系；to arrive是一种将来的动作。）
② I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。（pen和write构成主谓关系；介词with不可省。）
③ He has too many things to do. 他要做的事情太多了。（do和things构成动
宾关系；to do是一种将来的动作。）
④ A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的孩子常常摔跤。（learning to walk表示一种正在进行之动作。）
⑤ He wants his egg fried. 他要吃煎鸡蛋。(fried为过去分词,后置,有一种被动的含义，等于to be fried)
【用作状语】
1. 不定式和分词都可用作状语。
1) 不定式作状语常用作目的状语，原因状语，结果状语，表示一种目的，结果，
或者表示未来的动作。分词作状语，可表示时间，原因，伴随状况，让步，条件，方式等。
2) 现在分词作状语表示一种主动。过去分词作状语表示被动，并常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。
① To become a teacher, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. 要成为一名教师，至少必须得有硕士学位。（不定式作目的状语，并表示一种未来的动作）
② Arriving home at daybreak, he felt deadly tired. 他天亮了才到家，都快累死了。（现在分词作时间状语）
③ We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到那个消息，我们高兴得跳起来。（不定式作原因状语）
We jumped with joy on hearing the news. 听到那个消息，我们高兴得跳起来。（现在分词作原因状语）
④ Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. 他专心致志于这项工作到了废寝忘食的地步。（过去分词作伴随状语，并表示被动。）
⑤ Caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用过去分词只强调原因，无时间概念。）
Having caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用现在分词完成式强调分词动作发生在主句动作之前。）
Being caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用现在分词被动式强调分词动作与主句动作同时发生。）
2. 分词独立主格结构
一般分词结构作状语时,其逻辑主语就是主句的主语；而独立主格结构作状语的条件就是其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致。分词独立主格结构的作用相当于分词短语作状语，表示原因，时间，让步，伴随状况等。
① The work done, we felt relieved. 工作做完了，我们感到很轻松。
② Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic. 要是天气允许的话，我们就去野餐。
③ The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.学生做完所有的练习后，老师接着讲课文。
【用作宾补】
不定式和分词都可用作宾语补足语。
1. 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程，且动作已完成。有时还可表示一般事
实。现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动，动作正在进行；过去分词作宾语补足语表示被
动，以及动作的完成。
① When I caught him cheating me, I stopped buying things there. 当我抓到他欺骗我时，我就不再在那儿买东西了。
② Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us. 不要改变你的安排，跟我们在一起吧。
③ You can count on us to give you full support. 你放心，我们会全力支持你的。
2. 一些动词，如have, make, let; see, watch, observe, perceive, notice; feel, smell, hear, listen to等，要求用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。
① We saw him go out. 我们看见他出去了。
② Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张了起来。
但这种句子如果变为被动结构，to就必须要恢复。
① They were made to work day and night. 他们被迫日夜工作。
3. 动词不定式带to与不带to的小结。
1）在had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon,
might(just) as well, can not but等搭配之后，动词不定式不带to。
① They cannot but accept his idea. 他们不得不接受他的主意。
② I'd rather not have classes in the morning. 我不愿意上午上课。
2) 在介词except, but之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to；反之则须带to。
① There's nothing to do except wait for another train. 没有办法只有等下一列火车了。
② There's nothing else to do but send for the doctor. 别无它法只好请大夫了。
③ Nothing could save the company but to reform. 只有改革才能挽救这个公司。
3）连词rather than, sooner than置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to。
Rather than cause trouble, I am going to forget the whole affair. 我想把这事完全忘掉，而不是若麻烦。
4）在Why, Why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式总是不带to。
① Why argue with him? 为什么跟他争吵呢？
② Why not send her some flowers? 为什么不送她一些花呢？
