导读:
Psychologists take opposing views( 意为“持有相反的观点”,即说明了心理学家们对于外在的奖励会怎样影响一个人的动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法 ) of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can L)improve performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on I)approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, F)especially among educators. But the careful use of small J)monetary rewards speaks ( 意为“表示,表达”,在此应理解为“刺激” ) creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed G)aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively M)challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to C)kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for H)ordinary achievement ends uPwith uninspired students ( A teacher…uninspired students… 。 这是一个复杂的复合句。主句的主语是 Eisenberger , 谓语是 holds , 宾语是省略了 that 的从句,即是 A teacher ends uPwith uninspired students, 而由 or 连接的两个由 who 引导的定语从句,则是都是用来修饰 A teacher ) , Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten ( 意为“拉紧”,但在此处应理解为“严格” ) grading standards and N)restore failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging
problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows B)promise in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist ( 值得就是 Robert Eisenberger , 因此可推知最后三段都是 Robert Eisenberger 在对文章开头提出的两种不同观点进行论述) claims.
全文翻译:
心理学家们对于外在的奖励——从热情的称赞到冰冷冷的金钱刺激,会怎样影响一个人的动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行为和结果之间关系的行为学家认为:奖励能够提高人们的工作和学习表现。研究各种精神生活方面的认知派研究专家却认为:由于奖励助长了人们期望得到别人认同的心理和对物质奖励的依赖心理,往往会破坏创造力。
后一种观点博得了很多人 , 特别是教育界人士的支持 . 然而据 < 个性和社会心理学期刊 > 六月份刊载的一篇论文却指出 : 谨慎地使用少量的金钱奖励会激发小学生的创造力 , 这表明适当地给予物质刺激确实有助于激发创造力 .
“如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力,而且能专注于较有挑战性的任务,他们就会表现出很大的创造力,”位于 Newark 的特拉华大学的罗伯特 . 艾森贝格说,“但是如果孩子表现不佳也给予奖励,或是造成孩子对奖励过分期待,就很容易扼杀创造力。”
艾森贝格认为:一名教师如果总是把注意力放在奖励上,或是对于学生的一般表现也给高分,最终会扼杀学生们的灵感。作为后一种观点的一个例证,艾森贝格指出,主要的几所大学都在为尽力严格评分标准和恢复不及格分而不断努力。
这位来自特拉华大学的心理学家认为:在较低的年级里,实行所谓的奖励体系,即根据学生处理有挑战性问题的表新给其判定分数,以决定学生能否得到有价值的奖励。这一有价值的奖励的标准机制在激发学生努力提高其创造力方面还是非常可取的。
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