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adj. 合作的，共同的
n. 合作社
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Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey (猎物) into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving (进化) as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequencer but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that were no longer essential to their survival, to be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other, much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
26. The author believes that sporting activities ________.
A) are forms of biological development
B) are essentially forms of taming the prey
C) have actually developed from hunting
D) have changed the ways of hunting（B）
27. For over a million years, our forefathers were basically ________.
A) any member of the opposing team
B) the goal-mouth
C) the goal keeper
D) the football（C）
28. For over a million years, our foregathers were basically ________.
A) co-operating hunters,
B) successful farmers
C) runners and jumpers
D) skillful sportsmen（B）
29. The word “operation” (Para. 4, Line 4) refers to ________.
A) domesticating animals
B) hunting
C) prey killing
D) sports activities（B）
30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A) It is farming that gives human beings enough leisure time for sporting activities.
B) Farming is very important in human civilization because it saves human beings from risks and uncertainties of hunting for survival.
C) It is hunting that provides human beings with much simpler ways of obtaining meaty meals.
D) Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern man to exercise hunting skills which his forefathers developed for
survival.（D）
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